|
Ada GL & Nossal G (1987) The Clonal
Selection Theory. Scientific American, 257(2): 50-57.
Adamson ML (1986) Modes of transmission and evolution
of life histories in zooparasitic nematodes. Canadian Journal of Zoology,
64: 1375-1384.
Adamson ML (1987) Phylogenetic analysis of the
higher classification of the Nematoda. Canadian Journal of Zoology,
65: 1478-1482.
Adamson ML (1989) Evolutionary biology of the Oxurida
(Nematoda): bioface of a haplodiploid taxon. Advances in Parasitiology,
28: 175-228.
Adis J (2001) Arthropods (Terrestrial), Amazonian.
In: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume 1, ed S Levin, pp. 249-260.
Academic Press, Sandiego, USA.
Aiello LC & Collard M (2001) Our newest oldest
ancestor? Nature, 410: 526.
Aiello L (1993) The fossil evidence for modern human
origins: a revised view. American Anthropologist, 95: 73-96.
Aiello LC (1994) Variable but singular. Nature,
368: 399-400.
Aker CL & Udovic D (1981) Oviposition and pollination
behavior of the yucca moth, Tegeticula maculata (Lepidoptera, Prodoxidae),
and its relation to the reproductive biology of Yucca whipplei
(Agavaceae). Oecologia, 49: 96-101.
Alcock J (1985) Sonoran Desert Spring. University
of Chicago Press.
Alcock J (1990) Sonoran Desert Summer. University
of Chicago Press.
Aldiss B (1989) The day we embarked for Cythera,
from A Romance of the Equator. Victor Gollancz, London.
Aldridge RJ & Purnell MA (1996) The conodont
controversies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11: 463-468.
Alexander R McN (1964) Visco-elastic properties
of the mesoglea of jellyfish. J. Exp. Biol., 41: 363-369.
Alexander R McN & Goldspink G. (eds) (1977)
Mechanics and Energetics of Animal Locomotion. Chapman and Hall.
Alexander R McN (1981) The Chordates. 2nd
edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Alexander R McN (1982) Locomotion of Animals.
Chapman and Hall, New York.
Alexander R McN (1992) Exploring Biomechanics.
Scientific American Library.
Alexander R McN (1995) How Animals Move CD-Rom.
Maris Multimedia.
Alexopoulos CJ, Mimms CW & Blackwell M
(1996) Introductory Mycology. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Alroy J (2002) How many named species are valid?
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99:
3706-3711.
Aman RL, Ludwig W & Schleifer, K-H (1995) Phylogenetic
identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without
cultivation. Microbiological Reviews, 59 (1): 143-16.
Anderson RC (1984) The origins of zooparasitic
nematodes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62: 317-328.
Anderson RC (1988) Nematode transmission patterns.
Journal of Parasitology, 74: 30-75.
Anderson RC (1988) Nematodes, how did they become
parasitic? Bulletin of the Canadian Society of Zoology, 19: 10-13.
Anderson A (1992) Yeast Genome Project: 300,000
and Counting. Science, 256: 462.
Angel MV (1993) Biodiversity of the pelagic ocean.
Conservation Biology, 7: 760-772.
Angel MV (1994) Spatial distribution of marine organisms:
patterns and processes. In: Large-scale Ecology and Conservation Biology,
eds PJ Edwards, RM May & NR Webb, pp. 59-109. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998) An ordinal classification
for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanic
Gardens, 85: 531-553.
Aravalli RN, She Q & Garrett RA (1998) Archaea
and the new age of microorganisms. Trends in Evolution and Ecology,
13: 190-194.
Arita I (1979) Virological evidence for the success
of the smallpox eradication programme. Nature, 279: 293-298.
Arnold A, Maynard Z, Gilbert GS, Coley PD, &
Kursar TA (2000) Are tropical fungal endophytes hyperdiverse? Ecology
Letters, 3: 267-274.
Asfaw B, White TD, Lovejoy O, Latimer B, Simpson
S & Suwa G (1999) Australopithecus garhi: A new species of
early hominid from Ethiopia. Science, 284: 629-635.
Atlas RM (1997) Principles of Microbiology. 2nd
edition. Ronald M Publishers, St. Louis, Mosby.
Atlas RM & Bartha R (1998) Microbial Ecology.
Fundamentals and Application. 4th edition. Benjamin / Cummings Publishing
Company Inc., California, USA.
Attenborough D (1995) The Private Life
of Plants. BBC Books, London.
Austyn JM & Wood KJ (1993) Principles of
Cellular and Molecular Immunology. OUP, Oxford.
Azam F, Fenchel T, Field JG, Gray JS, Meyer-Reil RA
& Thingstad F (1983) The Ecological Role of Water Column Microbes
in the Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 10: 257-263.
Bacon BL (1999) Enforcement mechanisms in international
wildlife agreements and the United States: wading through the murk. Georgetown
International Environmental Law Review, 12: 331.
Bailey WJ, Slightom, JL & Goodman, M (1992)
Rejection of the flying primate hypothesis by phylogenetic evidence from
the E-globin gene. Science, 256: 86-89.
Baker RJ, Novacek MJ & Simmons NB (1991) On the
monophyly of bats. Systematic Zoology, 40: 216-231.
Balmford A, Bruner A, Cooper P., Costanza R, Farber
S, Green R.E., Jenkins M., Jefferiss P., Jessamy, V., Madden J, Munro
K., Myers N., Naeem S., Paavola J., Rayment M., Rosendo S., Roughgarden
J., Trumper K. & Turner R.K. (2002) Economic reasons for conserving
wild nature. Science, 297: 950-953.
Balows A, Truper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W & Schleifer
KH (eds) (1992) The Prokaryotes. 2nd edition. Springer Verlag,
New York.
Balter M (2001) Scientists spar over claims of earliest
human ancestor. Science, 291: 1460-1461.
Bang P & Dahlstrom P (1974) Animal Tracks and
Signs. Collins.
Barer R (1953) Lecture notes on the use of the
microscope. Blackwell, Oxford.
Baringaga M (1992) 'African Eve' Backers Beat
a Retreat. Science, 255: 286-7.
Barnes RD (1966) Invertebrate Zoology. WB
Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London.
Barnes LG (1984) Whales, dolphins and porpoises:
origin and evolution of the Cetacea. In: Mammals. Notes for a short
course organized by PD Gingerich & CE Badgley. ed TW Broadhead. University
of Tennessee Department of Geological Sciences, Studies in Geology,
8: 139-154.
Barnes RSK, Calow P & Olive PJW (1990) The
Invertebrates: a New Synthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
Barnes RSK & Mann KH (eds) (1991) Fundamentals
of Aquatic Ecology. 2nd edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
Barnes RFW (1999) Is there a future for elephants
in West Africa? Mammal Review, 29: 175-199.
Barns SM, Delwiche CF, Palmer JD & Pace NR (1996)
Perspectives on archaeal diversity, thermophily and monophyly from environmental
rRNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
the USA, 93: 9188.
Barr DJS (1992) Evolution and Kingdoms of organisms
from the perspective of a mycologist. Mycologia, 84: 1-11.
Bartnicki-Garcia S (1973) Fundamental aspects
of hyphal morphogenesis. In: Microbial Differentiation, eds JM
Ashworth & JE Smith, pp 245-267. Cambridge University Press, London.
Basset Y (1992) Host-specificity of arboreal and
free-living insect herbivores in rain forests. Biological Journal of
the Linnean Society, 47: 115-133.
Basset Y, Springate ND, Aberlenc HP & Delvare
G (1997) A review of methods of sampling arthropods in tree canopies.
In: Canopy Arthropods, eds NE Stork, J Adis & RK Didham, pp
27-52. Chapman & Hall, London.
Bauchner M (1982) A Field Guide in Colour to
Animal Tracks and Traces. Octopus Books.
Baum DA & Shaw KL (1995) Genealogical perspectives
on the species problem. In: Experimental and molecular approaches to
plant biosystematics, eds PC Hoch & AG Stevenson, pp 289-303.
Missouri Botanical Garden Publications, St. Louis.
Bear MF, Connors BW, & Paradiso MA (1996) Neuroscience:
Exploring the Brain. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Begon M, Harper JL & Townsend CR (1990) Ecology.
Individuals, Populations and Communities. 2nd edition. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Begon M, Harper JL & Townsend CR (1996) Ecology.
Individuals, Populations and Communities. 3rd edition. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Behrensmeyer AK, Damuth J, DiMichele W, Potts
R, Sues HD & Wing S (1992) Terrestrial ecosystems through time:
evolutionary paleoecology of terrestrial plants and animals. Chicago
University Press, USA.
Bell PR & Hemsley AR (2000) Green Plants. Their
Origin and Diversity. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bell PR & Woodcock CLF (1983) The Diversity
of Green Plants. 3rd edition. Edward Arnold, London.
Bengston S, Conway Morris S, Cooper BJ, Jell PA
& Runnegar BR (1990) Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia.
Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 9: 1-364.
Bennett SC (1997) The phylogenetic position of
the Pterosauria within the Archosauromorpha. Zoological Journal of
the Linnean Society 118: 261-308.
Benton MJ (1988) The relationships of the major
groups of mammals: new approaches. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
3: 40-45.
Benton MJ (1990) Vertebrate Palaeontology.
Harper Collins Academic, London.
Benton MJ (1991) The Rise of the Mammals.
The Apple Press, London.
Benton MJ (1997) Vertebrate Palaeontology. 2nd
edition. Chapman and Hall (Thornes).
Benyslon S (1999) Early life on Earth.
Colombia University Press, USA.
Bergquist PR (1978) Sponges. Hutchinson,
London.
Bergquist PR, Karuso P, Cambic RC & Smith
DJ (1991) Sterol composition and classification of the Porifera. 3. Biochemical
Systematics and Ecology, Vol. 19: 17-24.
Bergstrom J (1986) Opabinia and Anomalocaris,
unique Cambrian 'arthropods'. Lethaia 19: 241-246.
Bergstrom J (1987) The Cambrian Opabinia
and Anomalocaris. Lethaia 20: 187-188.
Bertram BCR (1975) Social factors influencing reproduction
in wild lions. Journal of Zoology, London, 177: 462-482.
Bibby CJ (1995) Recent past and future extinctions
in birds. In: Extinction Rates eds JH Lawton & RM May RM (eds),
pp 98-110. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Billett DSM, Lampitt RS, Rice AL & Mantoura
RFC (1983) Seasonal sedimentation of phytoplankton to the deep-sea benthos.
Nature, 302: 520-522.
Bilsborough A (1992) Human Evolution.
Blackie.
Birnie PW & Boyle AE (1992) International
Law and the Environment. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Black JG (1999) Microbiology. Principles and Applications.
4th edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Black JG (2002) Microbiology. Principles and Applications.
5th edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Blackwelder RE (1967) Taxonomy. A Text and
Reference Book. John Wiley & Sons.
Bon M (1987) The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain
and North-western Europe. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
Bone Q (1979) The Origin of Chordates. 2nd edition.
Carolina Biological Supply Co., Burlington, USA.
Bone Q (1981) The neotonic origin of chordates. Atti.
Conv. Lincei., 49: 465-486.
Borellus P (1656) Historiarum, et observatorium
medicophysicarum. Centuriae quattor. 384 pp.
Bouwman LA (1983) A survey of nematodes from the
Ems estuary Part II: species assemblages and associations. Zoologische
Jahrbuecher Systematik, 110: 345-376.
Bowcock AM, Kidd JR, Mountain JL, Hebert JM, Carotenuto
L, Kidd KK & Cavalli-Sforza LL (1991) Drift, admixture and selection
in human evolution: a study with DNA polymorphisms. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, 88: 839-843.
Bowen DQ & Sykes GA (1994) How old is 'Boxgrove
man'? Nature, 371: 751.
Bowler PJ (1989) Evolution. The History of an
Idea. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
Bowman BH, Taylor JW, Brownlee AG, Lea J, Shi-Da
Lu & White TJ (1992) Molecular evolution of the fungi: relationship
of the Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Chytridiomycetes. Molecular
Biology and Evolution, 9: 285-296.
Boyd R & Silk JB (1997) How Humans Evolved.
Norton.
Bracegirdle B (1978) A History of Microtechnique.
Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York.
Bracegirdle B (1983) Beads of Glass : Leeuwenhoeck
and the Early Microscope. Catalogue of an exhibition in the Museum
Boerhave November 1982 to May 1983 and in the Science Museum May to October
1983. Museum Boerhave, Leiden.
Bradbury S (1967) The Evolution of the Microscope.
Bradbury S (1976) The Optical Microscope in
Biology. Edward Arnold, London.
Bradbury S (1984) An Introduction to the Optical
Microscope. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bradbury S (1991) Basic Measurement Techniques
for Light Microscopy. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bradstock M & Gordon DP (1983) Coral-like
bryozoan growths in Tasman Bay, and their protection to conserve commercial
fish stocks. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,
17: 159-163.
Bridge D, Cunningham CW, DeSalle R & Buss LW
(1995) Class-level relationships in the Phylum cnidaria: molecular and
morphological evidence. Mol. Biol. & Evolution, 12: 697-689.
Briggs A (1985) An Introduction to Scanning Acoustic
Microscopy. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Briggs JC (1994) Species-diversity - land and sea
compared. Systematic Biology, 43: 130-135.
Briggs DEG & Whittington HE (1987) The affinities
of the Cambrian animals Anomalocaris and Opabinia. Lethaia
20: 186-186.
Britten RJ (1986). Rates of DNA sequence evolution
differ between taxonomic groups. Science 231: 1393-1398.
Brock, TD, Madigan, MT, Martinko, JM & Parker,
J (1994) Biology of Microorganisms. 7th edition. Prentice-Hall
International, London.
Brookes M (1999) Live and let live. New Scientist,
163: 32-36.
Brooks TM, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonesca
GAB, Rylands AB, Konstant WR, Flick P, Pilgrim J, Oldfield S, Magin G
& Hilton-Taylor C (2002). Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots
of biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 16: 909-923.
Brooks T & Balmford A (1996) Atlantic forest
extinctions. Nature, 380: 115.
Brooks T, Pimm SL & Collar NJ (1997) Deforestation
predicts the number of threatened birds in insular Southeast Asia. Conservation
Biology, 11: 382-394.
Brown JH (1971) Species richness of boreal mammals
living on the montane islands of the Great Basin. American Naturalist,
105: 467-478.
Brown JH & Lasiewski RC (1972) Metabolism of
weasels: the price of being long and thin. Ecology, 53: 939-943.
Brown JH (1978) The theory of insular biogeography
and the distribution of boreal birds and mammals. Great Basin Naturalist
Memoirs, 2: 209-227.
Brown JH & Gibson AC (1983) Biogeography.
C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis.
Brown R, Ferguson J, Lawrence M & Lees D (1987)
Tracks and Signs of the Birds of Britain and Europe: An Identification
Guide. Christopher Helm.
Brown JW (1987) The peninsula effect in Baja California:
an entomological assessment. Journal of Biogeography, 14: 359-365.
Brown MC, Hopkins WG & Keynes R (1991) Essentials
of Neural Development. Cambridge University Press.
Brown P (1993) Breast Cancer, a lethal inheritance.
New Scientist, 18th September 1993: 34-8.
Brown TA (1993) Gene cloning: An Introduction.
2nd edition. Chapman and Hall, London.
Brown JH & Lomolino MV (1998) Biogeography.
2nd edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
Browne RA (1981) Lakes as islands: biogeographic
distribution, turnover rates, and species composition in the lakes of
central New York. Journal of Biogeography, 8: 75-83.
Brown Weiss, E (1993) International environmental
law: contemporary issues and the emergence of a new world order. Georgetown
Law Journal, 81: 675-710.
Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Mackay HT, Likius A,
Djimboumalbaye A. (2002) A new hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad,
central Africa. Nature, 418: 145-151.
Brunet M, Beauvilain A, Coppens Y, Heintz E, Montage
AHE & Pilbeam D (1995) The first australopithecine 2,500 kilometres
west of the Rift Valley. Nature, 378: 273-275.
Bruns TD, White, TJ & Taylor JW (1991) Fungal
molecular systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,
22: 525-564.
Brusca RC & Brusca GJ (1990) Invertebrates.
Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Bubenik GA & Bubenik AB (eds) (1990) Horns,
Pronghorns and Antlers: Evolution, Morphology, Physiology and Social Significance.
Springer Verlag, New York.
Buchsbaum R (1957) Animals Without Backbones.
Vol 1. Penguin Books. Middlesex. Chapter15.
Buchsbaum R, Buchsbaum M, Pearse, J & Pearse
V (1987) Animals Without Backbones. 3rd edition. University of
Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Buczacki ST (1989) Fungi of Britain and Europe.
Collins New Generation Guide. Collins, London.
Budd G (2001) Climbing life's tree. Nature,
412, 487.
Bulte EH & van Kooten GC (2000) Economic science,
endangered species, and biodiversity loss. Conservation Biology,
14: 113-119.
Bulte EH & van Kooten GC (1999) Economic efficiency,
resource conservation and the ivory trade ban. Ecological Economics,
28: 171-181.
Byrne R & Whiten A (eds) (1988) Machiavellian
Intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Campbell BG & Loy JD (2000) Humankind Emerging.
8th Edition. Allyn & Bacon.
Campbell NA & Reece JB (2001) Biology.
6th edition. Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company, California, USA.
Campbell NA (1993) Biology. 3rd edition.
Benjamin-Cummings, California.
Canfield DE (1999) A breath of fresh air. Nature400:
503-505.
Cann RL, Stoneking M & Wilson AC (1987) Mitochondrial
DNA and human evolution. Nature, 325: 31-36.
Carlile MJ & Watkinson SC (1994) The Fungi.
Academic Press, London.
Cavalier-Smith T (1989) The kingdom Chromista.
In: The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives, eds JC Green,
BSC Leadbeater & WC Diver, pp 379-405. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Cavalier-Smith T (1993) Kingdom Protozoa
and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews, 57: 953-994.
Cavalier-Smith T & Chao EE (1995) The
opalozoan Apusomonas is related to the common ancestor of animals,
fungi and choanoflagellates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
Series B, 261: 1-6.
Cavalli-Sforza LL, Piazza A, Menozzi P &
Mountain JL (1988) Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together
genetic, archaeological and linguistic data. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, USA, 85: 6002-6006.
Cavalli-Sforza LL (1991) Genes, peoples and
languages. Scientific American, 265: 72-78.
Chalker PR (1987) The Development of Scanning
Tunelling Microscopy and its Applications. UKAEA, Harwell.
Chaplin G, Jablonski NG & Cable NT (1994) Physiology,
thermoregulation and bipedalism. Journal of Human Evolution, 27:
497-510.
Chapman RF (1982) The Insects: Structure and
Function. 3rd edition. Hodder and Stoughton.
Charnov EL (1982) The Theory of Sex Allocation.
Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Chen TM, Yang Q & Wu E (1994) Antiquity of Homo
sapiens in China. Nature, 368: 55-56.
Chinery M (1994) Field Guide to the Insects
of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins, London.
Chitwood BG (1933) A revised classification of
the Nematoda. Journal of Parasitology, 20: 131.
Chitwood BG & Chitwood MB (1933) The characters
of a protonematode. Journal of Parasitology, 20: 130.
Chomitz KM & Kumari K (1998) The domestic benefits
of tropical forests: A critical review. World Bank Research Observer,
13: 13-35.
Christopherson C (1985) Secondary metabolites
from marine bryozoans. A review. Acta Chemica Scandinavica B, 39:
517-529.
Cifelli RL (1981) Patterns of evolution among the
Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla (Mammalia). Evolution, 35: 433-440.
Ciochon RL & Fleagle JG (eds) (1993) The
Human Evolution Source Book. Prentice-Hall.
Clapham PJ, Young SB & Brownell RL (1999) Baleen
whales: conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations.
Mammal Review, 29: 35-60.
Claridge MF, Dawah HA & Wilson MR (1997) Species.
The systematics Association Special Volume Series, No. 54. Chapman and
Hall / The Systematics Association.
Clark CW (1973) The economics of overexploitation.
Science, 181: 630-634.
Clarke D (1992) Is there a latitudinal diversity
cline in the sea? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 7: 286-287.
Clifford HT & Stephenson W (1975) An Introduction
to Numerical Classification. Academic Press, London.
Clutton-Brock TH (ed) (1977) Primate Ecology.
Academic Press.
Cobb NA (1915) Nematodes and their relationships.
Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1914:
457-490.
Cohen IR (1992) The Cognitive Paradigm and the
Immunological Homunculus. Immunology Today, 13 (4): 113-115.
Colbert EH (1976) Evolution of the Vertebrates.
2nd edition. Wiley, New York.
Collins NM & Morris MG (1985) Threatened
Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Collins-Gullan PJ & Cranston PS (1994)
The Insects: an Outline of Entomology. Chapman and Hall.
Colwell RK & Lees DC (2000) The mid-domain
effect: geometric constraints on the geography of species richness. Trends
in Evolution and Ecology, 15: 70-76.
Colyer CN & Hammond CO (1968) Flies of the
British Ilses. Warne, London.
Connel JH & Orias E (1964) The ecological regulation
of species diversity. American Naturalist, 98: 399-414.
Connell JH (1978) Diversity in tropical rain forests
and coral reefs. Science, 199: 1302-1310.
Connor EF & McCoy ED (1979) The statistics and
biology of the species-area relationship. American Naturalist,
113: 791-833.
Conroy GC (1990) Primate Evolution. WW Norton.
Cook RE (1969) Variation in species density of North
American birds. Systematic Zoology, 18: 63-84.
Copeland HF (1956) The Classification of Lower
Organisms. Pacific Books, Palo Alto, California.
Copley J (2002) All at sea. Nature, 415:
572-574.
Corbet SA, Cuthill I, Fallows M, Harrison T &
Hartley G (1981) Why do nectar-foraging bees and wasps work upwards on
inflorescences? Oecologia, 51: 79-83.
Corbet GB & Harris S (eds) (1990) The Handbook
of British Mammals. 3rd edition. Blackwell, Oxford.
Corbet GB & Hill JE (1991) A World List of
Mammalian Species. Oxford Universiy Press.
Costanza R, d'Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grassooo
M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O'Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton
P & van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world's ecosystem services
and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253-260.
Cott HB (1942) Adaptive Coloration in Animals.
Methuen & Co. Ltd, London.
Courtillot V (1999) Evolutionary Catastrophes:
the Science of Mass Extinction. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Cowlishaw G (1999) Predicting the pattern of
decline of African primate diversity: an extinction debt from historical
deforestation. Conservation Biology, 5: 1183-1193.
Cox CB (2001) The biogeographic regions reconsidered.
Journal of Biogeography, 28: 511-523.
Cox PA (1993) Water-pollinated plants. Scientific
American, 269: 50-56.
Cox CB & Moore PD (1993) Biogeography: An Ecological
and Evolutionary Approach. 5th edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
Cracraft J (1983) Species concepts and speciation
analysis. Current Ornithology, 1: 159-187.
Cracraft J (1989) Speciation and its ontology:
the empirical consequences of alternative species concepts for understanding
patterns and processes of differentiation. In: Speciation and its Consequences,
eds D Otte & JA Endler, pp 28-59. Sinauer Associates, Incorporated,
Sunderland, Massachussetts.
Crame JA (2000) Evolution of taxonomic diversity
gradients in the marine realm: evidence from the composition of recent
bivalve faunas. Paleobiology, 26: 188-214.
Crawley MJ (ed) (1997) Plant Ecology. Blackwell
Science, Oxford.
Critchfield WB & Little EL (1966) Geographic
Distribution of Pines of the World. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous
Publications 991.
Crofton HD (1966) Nematodes. Hutchinson
University Library, London.
Crook C & Clapp RA (1998) Is market-oriented
forest conservation a contradiction in terms? Environmental Conservation,
25: 131-145.
Currie DJ & Paquin V (1987) Large-scale biogeographical
patterns of species richness of trees. Nature, 329: 326-327.
Curtis TP, Sloan WT & Scannell W (2002) Estimating
prokaryotic diversity and its limits. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences USA, 99: 10494-10499.
Czwekas SJ & Olson EC (1987) Dinosaurs Past
and Present. 2 Volumes. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County,
Los Angeles.
Dacks J (2002) Malaria, Algae, Amoeba and You:
Unravelling Eukaryotic Relationships. http://www.actionbioscience.org/
evolution/dacks.html
Dagg AI & Foster JB (1976) The Giraffe, its
Biology, Behaviour and Ecology. Van Nouvand Rheinhold, New York.
Dagg AI (1977) Running, Walking and Jumping.
Wykeham, London.
Daily GC, Alexander S, Ehrlich PR, Goulder L, Lubchenco
J, Matson PA, Mooney HA, Postel S, Schneider SH, Tilman D, Woodwell GM
(1997) Ecosystem services: benefits supplied to human societies by natural
ecosystems. Issues in Ecology, 2: 1-18.
Daily GC (ed) (1997) Nature's Services. Societal
Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington DC, USA.
Danks HV (1987) Insect dormancy: an ecological perspective.
Biological Survey of Canada Monographs, 1: 1-439.
Dart RA (1925) Australopithecus africanus:
the Man-Ape of South Africa. Nature, 115: 195-199.
Darwin CR (1859) On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the
Struggle for Life. Murray, London.
Darwin CR (1862) The Various Contrivances by
which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects. Murray, London.
Darwin CR (1876) The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation
in the Vegetable Kingdom. Murray, London.
Davis S, Heywood VH & Hamilton AC (eds) (1994-1997)
Centres of Plant Diversity. (3 volumes). World Wide Fund for Nature
and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,
Gland, Switzerland.
Daviss B (1998) Cast out of Eden. New Scientist,
158: 26-30.
Dayton L & Woodford L (1996) Australia's date
with destiny. New Scientist, 152: 28-31.
Deacon JW (1997) Modern Mycology. 3rd edition.
Blackwell Science, Oxford.
deBragga M, Rieppel O, 1997. Reptile phylogeny
and the interrelationships of turtles. Zooological Journal of the Linnean
Society 120 : 281-354.
de Jong TJ, Waser NM & Klinkhamer PGL (1993)
Geitonogamy: the neglected side of selfing. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
8: 321-325.
de Queiroz K & Gauthier J (1994) Towards
a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature. Trends in Ecology
and Evolution, 9: 27-31.
Desowitz RS (1987) The Thorn in the Starfish.
WW Norton & Co., New York.
Diamond J (1975) The island dilemma: lessons of
modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biological
Conservation, 7: 129-146.
Diamond JM & May RM (1976) Island biogeography
and the design of natural reserves. In: Theoretical Ecology: Principles
and Applications, ed RM May, pp 228-252. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
Diamond JM (1984) 'Normal' extinctions of isolated
populations. In: Extinction ed MH Nitecki, pp. 191-246. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago, U.S.A.
DiMichele WA, Aronson RB (1992) The Pennsylvanian-Permian
vegetational transition: a terrestrial analogue to the onshore-offshore
hypothesis. Evolution 46 (3) : 807-824.
Disney RHL (1994) Scuttleflies: the Phoridae.
Chapman & Hall, London.
Dobson FS (1992) Lichens. An Illustrated Guide
to the British and Irish Species. Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd.
Dobson AP (1995) Conservation and Biodiversity.
Scientific American Library, New York.
Dobzhansky T (1950) Mendelian populations and
their evolution. American Naturalist, 84: 401-418.
Dobzhansky T (1970) Genetics of the Evolutionary
Process. Columbia University Press, New York.
Donovan SK (1991) Mass extinctions: processes
and evidence. Belhaven.
Doolitle WF (2000) Uprooting the Tree of Life.
Scientific American, 282: 72-77.
Doolittle WF (1998) A paradigm gets shifty. Nature,
392: 15-16.
Doolittle WF (1999) Phylogenetic classification
and the universal tree of life. Science, 284: 2124-2128.
Dorit RL, Walker WF & Barnes RD (1991) Zoology.
International Edition. Saunders College Publishing, USA.
Dowding VM (1967) The function and ecological significance
of the pharyngeal ridges occuring in the larvae of some cyclorrhaphous
Diptera. < i>Parasitology, 57: 371-388.
Dressler RL (1981) The Orchids: Natural History
and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Ducroq S, Jaeger J-J & Sige B (1992) Late Eocene
Southern Asia record of a megabat and its inferences on the megabat phylogeny.
Bat Research News, 33: 41-42.
Dudgeon D & Corlett RT (1994) Hills and
Streams: an Ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.
Dunbar RIM (1988) Primate Social Systems.
Croom Helm.
Dunstone N & Gorman ML (eds) (1993) Mammals
as Predators. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London number
65. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Du Pasquier L (1992) Origin and Evolution of
the Vertebrate Immune System. APMIS, 100: 383-392.
Durette-Desset MC (1985) Trichostongyloid
nematodes and their vertebrate hosts: reconstruction of the phylogeny
of a parasitic group. Advances in Parasitology, 24: 239-306.
Dusek J & Laska P (1986) Life cycle strategies
of aphidophagous syrphids. In: Ecology of Aphidophaga ed I Hodek,
pp 185-192. Academia, Prague.
Edgecombe GD (1998) Artropod fossils and phylogeny.
Columbia University Press, U.S.A.
Eggleton P (1994) Termites live in a pear-shaped
world: a response to Platnick. Journal of Natural History, 28:
1209-1212.
Ehrenfeld D (ed) (1995) Plant Conservation.
Readings from Conservation Biology. The Society for Conservation Biology
/ Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
Ehrlich PR & Ehrlich AH (1981) Extinction:
the Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species. Random
House, New York.
Ehrlich PR & Wilson EO (1991) Biodiversity
studies: science and policy. Science, 253: 758-762.
Eigen M & Wonkler-Oswattitsch (1996) Steps
towards life: a perspective on evolution. Oxford University Press.
Eisenberg JF (1981) The Mammalian Radiations.
Chicago University Press, Chicago.
Eldredge N & Gould SJ (1972) Punctuated equilibria:
an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Models in Paleobiology,
ed TJM Schopf, pp 82-115. Freeman, Cooper & Co., San Francisco.
Elliott DK (1985) Dynamics of extinction.
J. Wiley, New York.
Elton C (1958) The Ecology of Invasions by Animals
and Plants. Methuen.
Embley TM, Hirt RP & Williams DM (1994) Biodiversity
at the molecular level: the domains, kingdoms and phyla of life. In: Biodiversity:
Measurement and Estimation ed DL Hawksworth, pp 21-33. Chapman and
Hall, London.
England MA & Wakely J (1991) A Colour Atlas
of the Brain and Spinal Cord. Wolfe Publishing Ltd.
Erikson D (1992) Genes to Order. Scientific
American, June 1992: 112-114.
Erlinge S (1981) Adaptive significance of sexual
dimorphism in weasels. Oikos, 33: 233-245.
Erwin D (2000) Life's downs and ups. Nature,
404: 129-130.
Erwin TL (2001) Forest Canopies, Animal Diversity.
In: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume 3, ed S Levin, pp. 19-25.
Academic Press, Sandiego, USA.
Erwin TL & Adis J (1981) Amazonian inundation
forests: their role as short term refugia and generators of species diversity
and taxon pulses. In: Biological Diversification in the Tropics,
ed G Prance, p 714. Columbia University Press, New York.
Erwin TL (1982) Tropical forests: their richness
in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. The Coleopterists Bulletin,
36: 74-75.
Erwin TL (1988) The tropical forest canopy: the heart
of biotic diversity. In: Biodiversity eds EO Wilson & FM Peters,
pp 123-129. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Erwin TL (1997) Biodiversity at its utmost: tropical
forest beetles. In: Biodiversity II. Understanding and Protecting Our
Biological Resources, eds ML Reaka-Kudla, DE Wislon & EO Wilson,
pp 27-40. Joseph Henry Press, Washington.
Estes JA (1989) Adaptations for aquatic living. In:
Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution, ed JL Gittleman, pp
242-282. Chapman and Hall, London.
Evans PGH (1987) The Natural History of Whales
and Dolphins. Chrisropher Helm, London.
Evans AV & Bellamy CL (2000) An Inordinate
Fondness for Beetles. University of California Press, Berkeley &
Los Angeles, California.
Ewer RF (1973) The Carnivores. Cornell University
Press, Ithaca, New York.
Faegri K & Pijl L van der (1979) The Principles
of Pollination Ecology. 3rd edition. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Falk D (1990) Brain evolution inHomo: the 'radiator'
theory. Brain Behav. Sci., 13: 333-381.
Falk D (1992) Braindance. Holt.
Falkus H (1987) Nature Detective. Witherby.
FAO (1990) Interim Report on Forest Resources Assessment
1990 Project. Committee on Forestry Tenth Session. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Farley J (1977) The spontaneous generation controversy
from Descartes to Oparin. Johns Hopkins University Press, U.S.A.
Farrell BD (1998) 'Inordinate fondness' explained:
why are there so many beetles. Science, 281: 555-559.
Felsenstein J (1982) Numerical methods for
inferring phylogenetic trees. Quarterly Review of Biology, 57:
379-404.
Fenchel T (1993) There are more small than large
species? Oikos, 68: 375-378.
Fenton MB, Racey PA & Rayner JMV (eds) (1987)
Recent Advances in the Study of Bats. Cambridge University Press.
Fenton MB (1992) Bats. Facts on File, New
York & Oxford.
Field R (2001) Latitudinal diversity gradients. In:
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, www.els.net
Finlay BJ, Rogerson A & Cowling AJ (1988) A
Beginner's Guide to the Collection, Isolation, Cultivation and Identification
of Freshwater Protozoa. Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa,
Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, Cumbria.
Fischer AG (1960) Latitudinal variation in organic
diversity. Evolution, 14: 64-81.
Fitter A (1987) Collins New Generation Guide
to the Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins, London.
Fleagle JG (1988) Primate Adaptation and Evolution.
Academic Press.
Fleagle JG (1999) Primate Adaptation and Evolution.
2nd Edition. Academic Press.
Flessa KW & Jablonski D (1995) Biogeography
of recent marine bivalve molluscs and its implications for paleobiogeography
and the geography of extinction: a progress report. Historical Biology,
10: 25-47.
Ford BJ (1985) Single Lens: The Story of the simple
Microscope. Harper Row Publishers, New York.
Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Kitching IJ, Scotland RW,
Siebert DJ & Williams DM (1992) Cladistics. Oxford Science
Publications, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Fortey RA, Briggs DEG & Wills MA (1996) The
Cambrian evolutionary 'explosion': decoupling cladogenesis from morphological
disparity. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 57: 13-33.
Foster AS & Gifford EM (1974) Comparative
Morphology of Vascular Plants. 2nd edition. WH Freeman, San Francisco.
Fox BJ (1983) Mammal species diversity in Australian
heathlands: the importance of pyric succession and habitat diversity.
In: Mediterranean-Type Ecosystemes: the Role of Nutrients eds FJ
Kruger, DT Mitchell & JUM Jarvis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Francis CM, Anthony ELP, Brunton, JA & Kunz,
TH (1994) Lactation in male fruit bats. Nature, 367: 691-692.
Fraser RH & Currie DJ (1996) The species richness-energy
hypothesis in a system where historical factors are thought to prevail:
coral reefs. American Naturalist, 148: 138-159.
Free JB (1993) Insect Pollination of Crops. 2nd
edition. Academic Press, London.
Friday A & Ingram DS (eds) (1985) The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Frohlich J & Hyde KD (1999) Biodiversity of
palm fungi in the tropics: are global fungal diversity estimates realistic?
Biodiversity and Conservation, 8: 977-1004.
Fry WG (1970) The Biology of the Porifera. Symposium
of the Zoological Society London, No. 25.
Fujita MS & Tuttle MD (1991) Flying foxes (Chiroptera:
Pteropodidae): threatened animals of key ecological and economic importance.
Conservation Biology, 5: 455-463.
Furhman JA & Campbell L (1998) Microbial microdiversity.
Nature, 393: 410.
Gage J & May RM (1993) A dip into the deep seas.
Nature, 365: 609-610.
Gage JD (1996) Why are there so many species in deep-sea
sediments? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
200: 257-286.
Gambaryan PP (1974) How Animals Run. Wiley
& Sons.
Gardner SL (2001) Worms, Nematoda. In: Encyclopedia
of Biodiversity, Volume 5, ed S Levin, pp. 843-862. Academic Press,
Sandiego, USA.
Garrity GM (ed) (2001-03) Bergey's Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd edition. Volume I and II (2001), Volume III
and IV (2002), Volume V (2003). Springer-Verlag, New York.
Garstang W (1928) The morphology of the tunicata
and its bearing on the phylogeny of the chordata. Quart. J. Microsc.
Sci., 72: 51-187.
Gaston KJ (2000) Global patterns in biodiversity.
Nature, 405: 220-227.
Gaston KJ & Blackburn TM (2000) Pattern
and Process in Macroecology. Blackwell Science Limited, Oxford.
Gaston KJ (1991) The magnitude of global insect
species richness. Conservation Biology, 5: 283-196.
Gaston KJ (1992) Regional numbers of insect and
plant species. Functional Ecology, 6: 243-247.
Gaston K.J. & May R.M. (1992) Taxonomy of taxonomists.
Nature, 356: 281-282.
Gaston KJ, Williams PH, Eggleton P, & Humphries
CJ (1995) Large scale patterns of biodiversity: spatial variation in family
richness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 260: 149-154.
Gaston KJ (ed) (1996) Biodiversity. A Biology
of Numbers and Difference. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford.
Gaston KJ & Williams PH (1996) Spatial patterns
in taxonomic diversity. In: Biodiversity. A Biology of Numbers and
Difference ed KJ Gaston, pp 202-229. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford.
Gaston KJ (1996) Spatial covariance in the species
richness of higher taxa. In: Aspects of the Genesis and Maintenance
of Biological Diversity eds ME Hochberg, J Clobert & R. Barbault,
pp 221-242. Oxford University press, Oxford.
Gaston KJ & Spicer JI (1998) Biodiversity:
an Introduction. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford.
Gaunt WA (1978) Three dimensional construction
in biology. Pitman Medical, Tunbridge Wells.
Gavaghan H (1994) Business booming but uncertain.
Nature, 369: 341-2.
Gee H (1996) Before the Backbone. Views on the Origin
of the Vertebrates. Chapman & Hall, London.
Geist V (1971) Mountain Sheep. A Study in Behavior
and Evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Gerlach SA (1971) On the importance of marine meiofauna
for benthos communities. Oecologia, 6: 176-190.
Gertenbach WPD (1980) Rainfall patterns in the
Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 26: 9-121.
Gertenbach WPD (1983) Landscapes of the Kruger
National Park. Koedoe, 26: 9-121.
Ghilarov A (1996) What does 'biodiversity' mean
- scientific problem or convenient myth? Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
11: 304-306.
Ghiselin MT (1974) A radical solution to the species
problem. Systematic Zoology, 23: 536-544.
Gibbons A (1992) Mitochondrial Eve: wounded but
not dead. Science, 257: 873-5.
Gibbons A (1993) Mitochondrial Eve refuses to die.
Science, 259: 1249-50.
Gibson T, Medawar PB (1943) J. Anat., 77:
229.
Gil PR (ed) (2002) Wilderness. Earth's Last Wild
Places. CEMEX, Mexico City.
Gilbert F (1993) Hoverflies. 2nd edition.
Richmond Press.
Gilbert F et. al. (1994) The evolution of
feeding strategies. In: Phylogeny and Ecology eds P Eggleston &
R Vane-Wright. Academic Press, London.
Gill DE (1986) Individual plants as genetic mosaics:
ecological organisms versus evolutionary individuals. In: Plant Ecology
ed MJ Crawley. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Gillis AM (1992) The Patent Question of the Year.
BioScience, 42: 336-9.
Gilpin ME & Soul?ME (1986) Minimum viable populations:
processes of species extinction. In: Conservation Biology: The Science
of Scarcity and Diversity ed ME Soule, pp. 19-34. Sinauer Associates
Inc., Sutherland, Massachusetts, USA.
Gingerich PD, Wells, NA, Russell DE & Shah
SMI (1983) Origin of whales in epicontinental remnant seas: new evidence
from the Early Eocene of Pakistan. Science, 220: 403-405.
Gittleman JL (ed) (1989) Carnivore Behaviour,
Ecology and Evolution. Chapman and Hall, London.
Gittleman JL (1989) Carnivore group living:
comparative trends. In: Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution
ed JL Gittleman, pp 183-208. Chapman and Hall, London.
Godfrey D, Lythgoe JN & Rumball DA (1987) Zebra
stripes and tiger stripes: the spatial frequency distribution of the pattern
compared to that of the background is significant in display and crypsis.
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 32: 427-433.
Golub ES & Green DR (1991) Immunology. A Synthesis.
2nd edition. Sinauer, Massachusetts.
Good MF (1992) A Malaria Vaccine Strategy Based on
the Attenuated Induction of Cellular Immunity. Immunology Today,
13: 126-129.
Goodman M (1981) Decoding the pattern of protein
evolution. Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology 38: 105-164.
Gore R (1997) The First Steps. National Geographic,
191: 72-99.
Gorman M (1979) Island Ecology. Chapman &
Hall.
Gorman C (1993) The Race to Map our Genes. Time,
8.2.93 p 57.
Gotch AF (1995) Latin Names Explained: A Guide
to the Scientific Classification of Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. Blandford,
UK.
Gould SJ & Eldredge N (1977) Punctuated equilibria:
the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology, 3:
115-151.
Gould SJ (1990) Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale
and the Nature of History. Hutchinson, London.
Grassle JF (1989) Species diversity in deep sea
communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 4: 12-15.
Grassle JF (1991) Deep-sea benthic biodiversity.
BioScience, 41: 464-469.
Grassle JF & Maciolek NJ (1992) Deep sea species
richness: regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom
samples. American Naturalist, 139: 313-341.
Gray JS (2000) The measurement of species diversity:
an example from the continental shelf of Norway. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 250: 23-49.
Gray JS (2002) Species richness of marine soft sediments.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 244: 285-297.
Gray J (1953) How Animals Move. Cambridge University
Press.
Gray JS (1994) Is deep-sea species diversity really
so high: species diversity of the Norwegian continental shelf. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 112: 205-209.
Gray MW & Spencer DF (1996) Organellar evolution.
In: Evolution of Microbial Life, eds DMcL Robersts, P Sharp, G.
Alderson & MA Collins, p 109-217. 54th Symposium of the Society
for General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press.
Gray JS, Poore GCB, Ugland KI, Wilson RS, Olsgard
F & Johannesson O (1997) Coastal and deep-sea benthic diversities
compared. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 159: 97-103.
Gray JS, Poore GCB, Ugland KI, Wilson RS, Olsgard
F & Johannesson ?(1998) Coastal and deep-sea benthic diversities compared.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 159: 97-103.
Greenwood PJ (1980) Mating systems, philopatry
and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behaviour, 28: 1140-1162.
Greenwood PJ (1980) Mating systems and the evolutionary
consequences of dispersal. In: The Ecology of Animal Movement,
ed IR Swingland & PJ Greenwood, pp 116-131. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Griffin DR (1958) Listening in the Dark.
Cornell University Press.
Grine FE (1987) The diet of South African australopithecines
based on a study of dental microwear. In: The Human Evolution Source
Book ed RL Ciochon & JG Fleagle, p 145. Prentice-Hall.
Groombridge B (ed.) (1992) Global Biodiversity:
Status of the Earth's Living Resources. A Report Compiled by the World
Conservation Monitoring Centre. Chapman and Hall, London.
Gullison RE, Rice RE & Blundel AG (2000) 'Marketing'
species conservation. Nature, 404: 923-924.
Gutman WF (1981) Relationships between invertebrate
phyla based on functional-mechanical analysis of the hydrostatic skeleton.
American Zoologist, 21: 63-81.
Habgood J (1992) The fallacy behind genetic knowledge.
The Times, 23rd March 1992, p 16.
Haeckel E (1866) Generelle Morphologie der Organismen.
Reimer, Berlin.
Haffer J (1969) Speciation in Amazonian forest birds.
Science, 165: 131-137.
Haffer J (1996) Time's cycle and time's arrow in
the history of Amazonia. In: Uma Estrategia Latino-Americana para a
Amazonia. Vol. 1, eds C Pavan & MC de Araujo, pp. 21-49. Ministerio
do Meio Ambiente, dos Recursos Hidricos e da Amaz. Legal., Brasilia.
Haffer J (1997) Alternative models of vertebrate
speciation in Amazonia: an overview. Biodiversity and Conservation,
6: 451-476.
Haila Y (1983) Land birds on northern islands: a
sampling metaphor for insular colonization. Oikos, 41: 334-351.
Haila Y, Jarvinen S & Kuusela S (1983) Colonization
of islands by land birds: prevalence functions in a Finnish archipelago.
Journal of Biogeography, 10: 499-531.
Halanych KM, Bacheller J, Agulnaldo AM, Liva S,
Hillis DM & Lake,JA (1995) Evidence from 18S rDNA that the lophophorates
are protostome animals. Science, 267: 1641-1643.
Haldane JBS (1949) Suggestions as to quantitative
measurements of rates of evolution. Evolution, 3: 51-56.
Hall ER (1951) American weasels. University
of Kansas Publication no. 4 (Museum of Natural History), Lawrence.
Hallam A & Wignall PB (1997) Mass extinctions
and their aftermath. Oxford University Press.
Haltenorth T & Diller H (1980) A Field
Guide to the Mammals of Africa. Collins, London.
Hammond N (1992) A break in the maternal line.
The Times, 3rd June 1992.
Hammond PM (1992) Species Inventory. In: Global
Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources, ed B Groombridge
pp 17-39. Chapman and Hall, London.
Hammond N (1993) DNA from mummified apes used in
the Aids Battle. The Times, 16th February 1993, p 20.
Hammond PM (1995) Described and estimated species
numbers: an objective assessment of current knowledge. In: Microbial
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function eds D Allsop, DL Hawksworth &
RR Colwell, pp 29-71. CAB International, Wallingford.
Hammond PM (1995) Practical approaches to the
estimation of the extent of biodiversity in speciose groups. In: Biodiversity:
Measurement and Estimation ed DL Hawksworth, pp 119-136. Chapman and
Hall, London.
Hamner WM & Doubilet D (1994) Australia's box
jellyfish. A killer down under. National Geographic, 186: 116-130.
Harcourt C (1992) Tropical moist forests. In:
Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources, ed
B Groombridge, pp 256-279. Chapman and Hall, London.
Harper JL & Hawksworth DL (1995) Preface. In:
Biodiversity: Measurement and Estimation, ed DL Hawksworth, pp
5-12. Chapman and Hall, London.
Harper D & Benton M (1997) Basic Palaeontology.
Addison Wesley Longman.
Harrison FW & De Vos L (1991) Porifera. Chapter
3 in: Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Volume 2, Placozoa, Porifera,
Cnidaria and Ctenophora ed FW Harrison & JA Westfall pp 29-89.
Wiley-Liss, New York.
Harrison S, Ross SJ & Lawton JH (1992) Beta
diversity on geographic gradients in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology,
61: 151-158.
Hartley WG (1962) Microscopy. English Universities
Press, London.
Hartley WG (1981) Hartley's Microscopy.
Sencio Publishing, Charlbury.
Harvell CD (1986) The ecology and evolution of
inducible defenses in a marine bryozoan: cues, costs, and consequences.
American Naturalist, 128: 810-823.
Hawkes N (1992) Expensive genes. The Times,
6th January 1992, p16.
Hawksworth DL & Rose F (1976) Lichens
as Pollution Monitors. The Institutes of Biology's Studies in Biology
no. 66. Edward Arnold, London, UK.
Hawksworth DL & Bisby FA (1988) Systematics:
the keystone of biology. In: Prospects in Systematics ed. DL Hawksworth,
pp 3-30. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
Hawksworth DL (ed) (1988) Prospects in Systematics.
Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
Hawksworth DL (1991) The fungal dimension of
biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycological
Research, 95: 641-655.
Hawksworth DL (1995) Biodiversity: Measurement
and Estimation. Chapman and Hall, London.
Hawksworth DL, Kirk PM, Sutton BC & Peglar
DB (1995) Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of Fungi. 8th edition.
CAB International.
Hawksworth DL & Kalin-Arroyo MT (1995)
Magnitude and distribution of biodiversity. In: Global Biodiversity
Assessment, ed VH Heywood, pp 107-191. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Hayden BP, Ray CG & Dolan R (1984) Classification
of coastal and marine environments. Environmental Conservation,
11: 199-207.
Haydon A (1994) Pivotal assumptions determining
the relationship between stability and complexity: an analytical synthesis
of the stability-complexity debate. American Naturalist, 144: 14-29.
Hayward PJ & Ryland JS (1995) Handbook of
the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Helfman GS, Collette BB, & Facey, DE (1997)
The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Hengeveld R, Edwards PJ, & Duffield SJ (1995)
Biodiversity from an ecological perspective. In: Global Biodiversity
Assessment, ed VH Heywood, pp 88-106. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Hennig W (1965) Phylogenetic Systematics. Annual
Review of Entomology, 10: 97-116.
Hennig W (1966) Phylogenetic Systematics.
University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois.
Henry CS & Martinez Wells M (1998) Songs, reproductive
isolation, and speciation in cryptic species of insects. In: Endless
forms: species and speciation, eds DJ Howard & SH Berlocher, pp
217-233. Oxford University Press, New York.
Herman LM (1980) Cetacean Behaviour. Wiley
Interscience, New York.
Herreid CF & Fortner CR eds (1981) Locomotion
and Energetics in Arthropods. Plenum Press.
Herring PJ, Campbell K, Whitfield M & Maddock
L (1990) Light and life in the sea. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Hespenheide HA (2001) Beetles. In: Encyclopedia
of Biodiversity, Volume 1, ed S Levin, pp. 351-358. Academic Press,
Sandiego, USA.
Hessinger DA & Lenhoff HM (1988) The Biology
of Nematocysts. Academic Press, London.
Hessler RR & Sanders HL (1967) Faunal diversity
in the deep sea. Deep Sea Research 14: 65-78.
Heywood VH (ed) (1995) Global Biodiversity Assessment.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hickman, CP & Roberts, LS (1995) Animal
Diversity. WC Brown Publishers, Dubuque.
Hildebrand M (1976) Analysis of tetrapod gaits:
general considerations and symmetrical gaits. In: Neural Control of
Locomotion eds. RM Herman et al., pp 203-236. Plenum Press.
Hildebrand M (1982) Analysis of Vertebrate
Structure. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hildebrand M (1987) The mechanics of horse legs.
American Scientist, 75: 594-601.
Hildebrand M (1988) Analysis of Vertebrate
Structure. 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hildebrand M (1995) Analysis of Vertebrate
Structure. 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hill JL & Hill RA (2001) Why are tropical rain
forests so species rich? Classifying, reviewing and evaluating theories.
Progress in Physical Geography, 25: 326-354.
Hill K (1982) Hunting and human evolution. J. Human
Evolution, 11: 521-544.
Hill JE & Smith JD (1984) Bats: a Natural History.
British Museum (Natural History), London.
Hillis DM & Moritz C (1990) Molecular Systematics.
Sinauer Associates Inc. Massachusetts.
Hilton-Taylor C (compiler) (2000). 2000
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge, UK.
Hoare R (2000) African elephants and humans in conflict:
the outlook for co-existence. Oryx, 34: 34-38.
Hodkinson ID & Casson D (1991) A lesser predilection
for bugs: Hemiptera (Insecta) diversity in tropical forests. Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society, 43: 101-109.
Hodson TJ, Englander F & O'Keefe H (1995) Rain
forest preservation, markets, and medicinal plants: issues of property
rights and present value. Conservation Biology, 9: 1319-1321.
Hoek C van den, Mann DG & Jahns HM (1995) Algae.
An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hoffman JA & Hetru C (1992) Insect defensins:
inducible antibacterial peptides. Immunology Today, 13: 416-418.
Holt JG (1984) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
Volume I (1984), Volume II (1986), Volumes III and IV (1989). Williams
& Williams, Baltimore.
Holt JG (1994) Bergey's Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology. 9th edition. Williams & Williams, Baltimore.
Holzman D (1991) A jumping gene caught in the act.
Science, 254: 1728-1729.
Hooke R (1961) Facsimile Reproduction of Micrographia:
or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying
Glasses with Observations and Inquiries There Upon. Dover, New York.
Hopkin SP (1991) A key to the woodlice of Britain
and Europe. AIDGAP (Aids to the Identification of Difficult Groups of
Animals and Plants) Field Studies Council Publication Number 204, 52 pp.
Hou XG, Ramskold L & Bergstrom J (1991) Composition
and preservation of the Chengjiang fauna - a Lower Cambrian soft-bodied
biota. Zoologica Scripta 20 (4): 395-411.
Howard DJ & Berlocher SH (1998) Endless Forms:
Species and Speciation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Howlett R & Dhand R (eds) (2000) Nature Insight:
Biodiversity. Nature, 405: 208-253.
Huang W, Ciochon R, Yumin G, Larick R, Qiren F, Schwarcz
H, Yonge C, de Vos J & Rink W (1995) Early Homo and associated
artefacts from Asia. Nature, 378: 275-278.
Hugenholtz P & Pace NR (1996) Identifying
microbial diversity in the natural environment: a molecular phylogenetic
approach. Trends in Biotechnology, 14: 190-197.
Hughes NF (1994) The enigma of angiosperm origins.
Cambridge University Press.
Humphries CJ, Williams PH & Vane-Wright RI
(1995) Measuring biodiversity value for conservation. Annual Reviews
of Ecology and Systematics, 26: 93-111.
Hunt KD (1994) The evolution of human bipedality:
ecology and functional morphology. Journal of Human Evolution,
26: 183-202.
Hurlbert SH (1971) The non-concept of species
diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology, 52:
577-586.
Hurrell M (1992) Opening up the book of life. The
Times, 30th June 1992, p6.
Huston M (1979) American Naturalist, 93:
145-149.
Huston MA (1979) A general hypothesis of species
diversity. American Naturalist, 113: 81-101.
Huston MA (1994) Biological Diversity: The Coexistence
of Species on Changing Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom.
Hutson MA (1994) Biological Diversity: The Coexistence
of Species on Changing Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom.
Hyman LH (1951) The Invertebrates. Vol. 3; Acanthocephala,
Aschelminthes and Entoprocta. Mc Graw Hill Book Company, Inc. New
York, Toronto & London.
Inglis WG (1965) Patterns of evolution in parasitic
nematodes. In: Evolution of Parasites, ed AER Taylor, pp 79-124
Third Symposium of the British Society for Parasitology. Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Inglis WG (1983) An outline classification of the
phylum Nematoda. Aust. J. Zool., 31: 243-255.
Ingold CT & Hudson HJ (1993) The Biology
of Fungi. Chapman & Hall, London.
Ingold CT & Hudson HJ (2003) The Biology
of Fungi. 6th edition. Chapman & Hall, London.
Inouye DW (1980) The terminology of floral larceny.
Ecology, 61: 1261-1263.
Isaac GLl (1978) The food-sharing behavior of Proto-human
hominids. Scientific American, 238: 90-108.
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
(1994) IUCN Red List Categories. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Jaeger EC (1962) A Source Book of Biological
Names and Terms. 3rd edition. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, USA.
Jahn TL (1949) How to Know - the Protozoa.
WMC Brown Co. Pub.
James CD, Hoffman MT, Lightfoot DC, Forbes GS &
Whitford WG (1994) Fruit abortion in Yucca elata and its implications
for the mutualistic association with yucca moths. Oikos, 69: 207-216.
Janis C (1976) The evolutionary strategy of the Equidae
and the origins of rumen and caecal digestion. Evolution, 30: 757-774.
Janis C (1982) Evolution of horns in ungulates: ecology
and paleocology. Biol. Rev., 57: 261-318.
Janvier P (1995) Conodonts join the club. Nature,
374: 761-762.
Janzen DH (1981) The peak in North American ichneumonid
species richness lies between 38o and 42o N. Ecology,
62: 532-537.
Jeffrey C (1973) Biological Nomenclature.
Edward Arnold, London
Jeffrey C (1989) Biological Nomenclature. 3rd
edition. Edward Arnold, London
Jeffries RPS (1986) The Ancestry of the Vertebrates.
British Museum (N.H.), London.
Jennings DH & Lysek G (1996) Fungal Biology:
Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle. Bios Scientific, Oxford, UK.
Jepson P & Canney S (2001) Biodiversity hotspots:
hot for what? Global Ecology & Biogeography, 10: 225-227.
Johnson KH, Vogt KA, Clark HJ, Schimtz OJ &
Vogt DJ (1996) Biodiversity and the productivity and stability of ecosystems.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11: 373-377.
Jolly CJ (1970) The seed-eaters: a new model of hominid
differentiation based on a baboon strategy. Man, 5: 1-26.
Jolly A (1985) The Evolution of Primate Behaviour.
Macmillan.
Jones S, Martin R & Pilbeam D (1992) The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Jordan M (2001) The green Mantle. An Investigation
into our Lost Knowledge of Plants. Cassell, London.
Jordan M (1989) Mushroom Magic. Elm Tree
Books, London.
Joubert SCJ (1983) A monitoring programme for an
extensive national park. In: Management of Large Mammals in African
Conservation Areas, ed N Owen-Smith, pp. 201-212. Haum Educational
Publishers, Pretoria.
Judas M (1988) The species-area relationship of European
Lumbricidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Oecologia, 76: 579-587.
Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF &
Donoghue MJ (2002) Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. 2nd
Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
Katz LA (1999) Changing perspectives on the origin
of eukaryotes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13: 493-497.
Kauffman E & Walliser OH (1990) Extinction
events in Earth history: global biological events in Earth history: proceedings.
Lecutre notes in Earth Sciences, volume 30. Springer.
Keeling PJ & McFadden GI (1998) Origins of
microsporidia. Trends in Microbiology, 6: 19-23.
Kelly-Borges M (1995) Sponges out of their depths.
Nature, 373: 284.
Kemp TS (1983) Mammal-like Reptiles and the Evolution
of Mammals. Academic Press, London.
Kendrick WB (1992) The Fifth Kingdom. 2nd edition.
Focus Information Group, Inc., Newburyport, M.A. and Mycologue Publications,
Waterloo, Ontario.
Kendrick WB (2001) The Fifth Kingdom. 3rd edition.
Focus Information Group, Inc., Newburyport, M.A. and Mycologue Publications,
Waterloo, Ontario.
Kenrick (2000) The family tree flowers. Nature,
402: 358-359.
Kershaw KK (1973) Quantitative and Dynamic Plant
Ecology. Arnold.
Kiernan JA (1987) Introduction to Human Neuroscience.
Lipincott Co.
Kikawa J & Williams EE (1971) Altitude distribution
of land birds in New Guinea. Search, 2: 64-65.
Kimbel WH, Johanson DC & Rak Y (1994) The first
skull and other new discoveries of Australopithecus afarensis at
Hadar, Ethiopa. Nature, 368: 449-451.
Kimbel WH, Walter RC, Johnson DC, Reed KE, Aronson
JL, Assefa Z, Marcan CW, Eck GG, Bobe R, Hovers E, Rak Y, Vondra C, Yemane
T, York D, Chen Y, Evensen NM & Smith PE (1996) Late Pliocene Homo
and Oldovwan tools from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopa. Journal of Human
Evolution, 31: 549-561.
Kimura M (1968) Evolutionary rate at the molecular
level. Nature 217: 624-626.
Kimura M (1983) The Neutral Theory of Molecular
Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kimura M (1986) DNA and the neutral theory. Phil.
Trans. Royal Society, London. B., 312: 343-354.
King JL & Jukes TH (1969) Non-darwinian evolution.
Science 164: 788-798.
King C (1989) The Natural History of Weasels and
Stoats. Christopher Helm, Kent.
Kingdon J (1979) East African Mammals: an Atlas
of Evolution in Africa. Vol. 3 Part B (large mammals). Academic Press,
London.
Kirchner JW & Weil A (2000) Delayed biological
recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record. Nature,
404: 177-180.
Kirk PM, Cannon PF & David JC (2001) Ainsworth
and Bisby’s Dictionary of Fungi. 9th edition. CAB International, UK.
Kirk WDJ (1984) Pollen-feeding in thrips (Insecta:
Thysanoptera). Journal of Zoology, 204: 107-117.
Kirk WDJ (1992) Insects on Cabbages and Oilseed
Rape. Naturalists' Handbooks 18. Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd., Slough,
England.
Kirk WDJ (1994) A Colour Guide to Pollen Loads
of the Honey Bee. IBRA, Cardiff.
Kirsch JAW, Flannery TF, Springer MS & Lapointe
FJ (1995) Phylogeny of the Pteropodidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) based on
DNA hybridization, with evidence for bat monophyly. Australian Journal
of Zoology, 43: 395-428.
Kitchener DJ, Chapman A, Dell J, Muir BG &
Palmer M (1980a) Lizard assemblages and reserve size and structure in
Western Australian wheatbelt - some implications for conservation. Biological
Conservation, 17: 25-62.
Kitchener DJ, Chapman A, Muir BG & Palmer
M (1980b) The conservation value for mammals of reserves in the Western
Australian wheatbelt. Biological Conservation, 18: 179-207.
Kitchener DJ, Dell J, Muir BG & Palmer M
(1982) Birds in Western Australian wheatbelt reserves - implications for
conservation. Biological Conservation, 22: 127-163.
Kitching RL, Mitchell H, Morse G & Thebaud
C (1997) Determinants of species richness in assemblages of canopy arthropods
in rainforests. In: Canopy Arthropods, eds. NE Stork, J Adis &
RK Didham, pp 131-150. Chapman & Hall, London.
Knight D (1981) Ordering the World. A History
of Classifying Man. Burnett Books, London, UK.
Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of prokaryotes:
a geological perspective. Science, 256: 622-627.
Knoll AH, Bambach RK, Canfield DE & Grotzinger
JP (1996) Comparative Earth history and Late Permian mass extinction.
Science, 273: 452-457.
Kohn AJ (1997) Why are coral reef communities so diverse?
In: Marine Biodiversity. Patterns and Processes, ed RFG Ormond,
JD Gage & MV Angel, pp. 201-215. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kohne DE (1970). Evolution of higher-organism DNA.
Quarterly Review of Biophysics 33: 327-375.
Korner C (2000) Why are there global gradients in
species richness? Mountains might hold the answer. Trends in Ecology
and Evolution, 15 (12): 513-514.
Krebs CJ (2001) Ecology. The Experimental Analysis
of Distribution and Abundance. 5th edition. Harper Collins.
Krebs CJ (1994) Ecology. The Experimental Analysis
of Distribution and Abundance. 4th edition. Harper Collins.
Kremen C, Niles JO, Dalton MG, Daily GC, Ehrlisch
PR, Fay JP, Grewal D & Guillery RP (2000) Economic incentives for
rain forest conservation across scales. Science, 288: 1828-1832.
Kruuk H (1972) The Spotted Hyaena. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Kuby J (1992) Immunology. Freeman, New York.
Kunin WE & Lawton JH (1996) Does biodiversity
matter? Evaluating the case for conserving species. In: Biodiversity.
A Biology of Numbers and Difference, ed KJ Gaston, pp 283-308. Blackwell
Science Ltd, Oxford.
Kunz TH (ed) (1982) Ecology of Bats. New York,
London.
Lacey AJ (1989) Light Microscopy in Biology.IRL
Press, Oxford.
Lambshead PJD & Boucher G (2003) Marine nematode
deep-sea biodiversity - hyperdiverse or hype? Journal of Biogeography,
30:, 475-485.
Lambshead PJD (1993) Recent development in marine
benthic biodiversity research. Oceanis, 19: 5-24.
Lange M & Hora FB (1963) Collins Guide to
Mushrooms and Toadstools. Collins, London.
Lapedes DN (ed) (1974) McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia
of Environmental Science. 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York.
Larsen N, Olsen GJ, Maidak BL, McCaughey MJ, Overbeek
R, Macke, TJ, Marsh, TL & Woese CR (1993) The ribosomal database project.
Nucleic Acids Research, 19: 209-215.
Larson P (1977) The Deserts of the Southwest.
Sierra Club Books.
Latham RE & Ricklefs RE (1993) Global patterns
of tree species richness in moist forests: energy-diversity theory does
not account for the variation in species richness. Oikos, 67:325-333.
Lawton JH (1994) What do species do in ecosystem?
Oikos, 71: 367-374.
Lawton JH & May RM (eds) (1995) Extinction
Rates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Lawton JH (1998) Green tourism and nature's services.
Oikos, 82: 3-4.
Laybourn-Parry J (1984) A Functional Biology
of Free-living Protozoa. Croom Helm.
Laybourn-Parry J (1992) Protozoan Plankton
Ecology. Chapman & Hall.
Laybourn-Parry J & Perriss SJ (1995)
The Role and Distribution of the Autotrophic Ciliate Mesodinium rubrum
(Myrionema rubra) in Three Antarctic Saline Lakes. Archiv fur
Hydrobiologie 135: 179-194.
Leakey MG, Spoor F, Brown F, Gathogo PN, Kiarie
C, Leakey LN (2001) New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse
middle Pliocene lineages. Nature, 410: 433-440.
Leakey M (1981) Tracks and tools. Phil. Trans.
R. Soc. Lond. B., 292: 95-102.
Leakey MG, Feibel CS, McDougall, I & Walker,
A (1995) New four-million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia
Bay, Kenya. Nature, 376: 565-571.
Leakey R & Lewin R (1996) The Sixth Extinction.
Biodiversity and its Survival. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. London.
Leakey MG, Feibel CS, McDougall I, Ward C &
Walker A (1998) New specimens and confirmation of an early age for Australopithecus
anamensis. Nature, 393: 62-66.
Lee JJ, Hutner SH & Bovee EC (1985) An Illustrated
Guide to the Protozoa. Edition 1. Society of Protozoologists.
Lee RE (1989) Phycology. Cambridge University
Press.
Lee RE (1989) Phycology. 3rd edition. Cambridge
University Press.
Lee MSY (1997) Reptile relationships turn turtle...
Nature, 389: 245-246.
Lees DC (1996) The Perinet effect? Diversity gradients
in an adaptive radiation of butterflies in Madagascar (Satyrinae: Mycalesina)
compared with other rainforest taxa. In: Biogeographie de Madagascar,
ed WR Lourenco, pp 479-490. Editions de l'ORSTOM.
Lees DC, Kremen C & Andriamampianina L (1999)
A null model for species richness gradients: bounded rnage overlap of
butterlies and other rainforest endemics in Madagascar. Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society, 67(4): 529-584.
Lemieux C, Otis C & Turmel M (2000) Ancestral
chloroplast genome in Mesostigma viride reveals an early branch
of green plant evolution. Nature, 403: 649-652.
Leuthold W (1977) African Ungulates. A Comparative
Review of their Ethology and Behavioral ecology. Springer Verlag,
Berlin.
Levinton JS (1995) Marine Biology. Function,
Biodiversity, Ecology. Oxford University Press, New York.
Lewin R (1993) Human Evolution: An Illustrated
Introduction. Blackwell, Oxford.
Lewin R (1993) The Origin of Modern Humans.
Scientific American Library, New York.
Lewin R (1995) First Europeans remain in Spain. New
Scientist, 147: 14.
Lewin R (1995) Bones of contention. New Scientist,
2002: 14-15.
Lewis D (1979) Sexual Incompatibility Between
Plants. Studies in Biology no. 110. Edward Arnold, London.
Li W (1997) Molecular Evolution. Sinauer Associates,
Inc. Publsihers, Sunderland Massachusetts, USA.
Lieberman DE (2001) Another face in our family
tree. Nature, 410: 419-420.
Lillegraven JA, Kielen-Jarorowska Z & CLemens
WA (1980) Mesozoic mammals: the first two-thirds of mammalian history.
California University Press, U.S.A.
Lincoln RJ, Boxshall GA & Clark PF (1982) A
Dictionary of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. Cambridge University
Press.
Lincoln RJ & Boxshall GJ (1987) The Cambridge
Illustrated Dictionary of Natural History. Cambridge University Press.
Lincoln RJ, Boxshall GA & Clark PF (1998) A
Dictionary of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 2nd edition. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Lindstrom E (1986) Territory inheritance and
the evolution of group-living in carnivores. Animal Behaviour,
34: 1825-1835.
Linton S (1971) Woman the gatherer: male bias in
anthropology. In: Woman in Cross-Cultural Perspective: a Preliminary
Sourcebook ed S Jacobs, pp 9-21. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Lipps JH, & Signor PW (1992) Origina and early
evolution of the Metazoa. Topics in Geobiology 10. Plenum Press, U.S.A.
Lomolino MV (2000) Ecology's most general, yet
protean pattern: the species-area relationship. Journal of Biogeography,
27: 17-26.
Lomolino MV & Weiser MD (2001) Towards a more
general species-area relationship: diversity on all islands, great and
small. Journal of Biogeography, 28: 431-445.
Lomolino MV (1989) Interpretations and comparisons
of constants in the species-area relationship: an additional caution.
The American Naturalist, 133: 277-280.
Loreau M (2000) Are communities saturated? Ecology
Letters, 3: 73-76.
Louw GN & Seely MK (1982) Ecology of Desert
Organisms. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, England.
Louw GN (1993) Physiological Animal Ecology.
Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, England.
Lovejoy TE (1980) Foreword. In: Conservation
Biology: an Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective eds ME Soule &
BA Wilcox, pp v-ix. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA, USA.
Lovejoy TE (1980) Changes in biological diversity.
In: The Global 2000 Report to the President, vol. 2. The Technical
Report ed GO Barney, pp 327-332. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth.
Lovejoy CO (1981) The origin of man. Science,
211: 341-350.
Lovejoy CO (1988) The evolution of human walking.
Scientific American, 259: 118-125.
Lugo AE (1988) Estimating reductions in the diversity
of tropical forest species. In: Biodiversity eds EO Wilson &
FM Peter, pp.58-70. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Lunine JI (1999) Earth: evolution of a habitable
world. Cambridge University Press.
Lyster S (1985) International Wildlife Law.
Cambridge University Press.
MacArthur RH & Wilson EO (1967) The Theory
of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
MacArthur RH (1972) Geographical Ecology:
Patterns in the Distribution of Species. Harper Row, New York.
Macdonald DW (1979) 'Helpers' in fox society.
Nature, 282: 69-71.
Macdonald DW (1983) The ecology of carnivore
social behaviour. Nature, 301: 379-384.
Macdonald DW (ed) (1984) The Encyclopaedia
of Mammals: volume 2. George, Allen & Unwin, London.
Macdonald DW (ed) (1984) The Encyclopaedia
of Mammals: volume 1. George, Allen & Unwin, London.
Macdonald DW (1992) The Velvet Claw. A Natural
History of the Carnivores. BBC Books, London.
MacDonald D & Barrett P (1993) Mammals
of Britain and Europe. Collins Field Guides Series. Collins.
Mace GM & Lande R (1991) Assessing extinction
threats: toward a re-evaluation of IUCN threatened species categories.
Conservation Biology, 5: 148-157.
Mace G, Collar N, Cooke J, Gaston K, Ginsberg J, Leader
Williams N, Maunder M & Milner-Gulland EJ (1992) The developement
of new criteria for listing species on the IUCN red list. Species,
00: 16-22.
Mace GM (1993) Classification of threatened species
and its role in conservation planning. In: Extinction Rates eds
JH Lawton & RM May RM (eds), pp 197-213. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
MacFadden BJ (1986) Fossil horses from 'Eohippus'
(Hyracotherium) to Equus: scaling, Cope's Law and the evolution
of body size. Paleobiology, 12: 355-369.
MacFadden BJ (1992) Fossil Horses. Systematics,
Paleobiology, and Evolution of the Family Equidae. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
MacMahon JA (1985) Deserts. Audubon Society
Nature Guide. AA Knopf, NY.
Maddison DR & Maddison WP (1998) The Tree
of Life: A Multi-authored, Distributed Internet Project Containing Information
about Phylogeny and Biodiversity. Internet address: http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/
phylogeny.html
Maddison DR, Maddison WP, Schulz K-S, Wheeler
T & Frumkin J (2001) The Tree of Life: A Multi-authored, Distributed
Internet Project Containing Information about Phylogeny and Biodiversity.
Internet address: http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/ phylogeny.html
Madigan T, Martinko JM & Parker (1997) Brock
Biology of Microorganisms. 8th edition. Prentice Hall International,
Inc., London.
Madigan T, Martinko JM & Parker (2002) Brock
Biology of Microorganisms. 10th edition. Prentice Hall International,
Inc., London.
Maggenti AR (1971) Nemic relationships and the
origin of plant parasitic nematodes. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes
ed BM Zuckerman, WF Mai, RA Rhodes. Academic Press, New York & London.
Maggenti AR (1976) Taxonomic positons of nematodes
among the pseudocoelomate bilateria. In: The Organsiation of Nematodes
ed NA Croll. Academic Press, London.
Magurran AE (1988) Ecological Diversity and
Its Measurement. Croom Helm.
Malanczuk P (1997) Akehurst's Modern Introduction
to International Law. 7th edition. Routledge, London.
Mallet J (1995) A species definition for modern
synthesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10: 294-299.
Manton SM & Anderson DT (1979) Polyphyly and
the evolution of arthropods. In: The Origin of Major Invertebrate Groups.
ed M R House, pp 269-321. Academic Press, London & New York.
Mare MF (1942) A study of marine benthic community
with special reference to the microorganisms. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association, 25: 517-554.
Margulis L (1970) Origin of Eukaryotic Cells.
Yale University Press, New Haven.
Margulis L & Schwartz KV (1982) Five Kingdoms:
an Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. WH Freeman &
Co, San Francisco.
Margulis L & Schwartz KV (1988) Five Kingdoms:
an Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 2nd edition. WH
Freeman & Co, San Francisco.
Margulis L & Guerrero R (1991) Kingdoms in
turmoil. New Scientist, 129 (1761): 46-50.
Margulis L, Schwartz KV & Dolan, M (1994)
The Illustrated Five Kingdoms. A Guide to the Diversity of Life on
Earth. Harper Collins, New York.
Margulis L & Schwartz KV (1998) Five Kingdoms:
an Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 3rd edition. WH
Freeman & Co, San Francisco.
Mariscal RN (1984) Cnidaria: cnidae. In: Biology
of the Integuement. Vol. 1. Invertebrates, eds J Bereiter-Hann, AG
Matoltsy & KS Richards, pp57-68. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Marshall AG (1985) Old World phytophagous bats
(Megachiroptera) and their food plants: a survey. Zoological Journal
of the Linnaean Society, 83: 351-369.
Marsters JR (1989) The Structure and Dynamics
of Saxicolous Lichen Communities. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University
of Leeds, United Kingdom.
Martin RD (1990) Primate Origins and Evolution:
A Phylogenetic Reconstruction. Chapman & Hall.
Martin JH (1996) Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas.
2nd edition. Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Connecticut.
Martin W & Muller M (1998) The hydrogen hypothesis
for the first eukaryote. Nature, 392: 37-41.
Mason C (1981) Biology of Freshwater Pollution.
Longman.
Maunder M (2001) Plant Conservation. In: Encyclopedia
of Biodiversity, Volume 4, ed S Levin, pp. 645-658. Academic Press,
Sandiego, USA.
Mauseth JD (1991) Botany. An Introduction to
Plant Biology. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
Mawdsley NA & Stork NE (1997) Host-specificity
and the effective specialization of tropical canopy beetles. In: Canopy
Arthropods, eds NE Stork, J Adis & RK Didham, pp. 105-130. Chapman
& Hall, London.
May RM (1973) Stability and Complexity in Ecological
Systems. Princeton University Press.
May RM (1975) Patterns of species abundance and diversity.
In: Ecology and Evolution of Communities, ed ML Cody & J. Diamond,
pp. 81-120. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
May RM (1978) The dynamics and diversity of insect
faunas. In: Diversity of Insect Faunas, eds LA Mound & N Waloff,
pp. 188-204. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
May RM (1988) How many species are there? Science,
241: 1441-1449.
May RM (1990) How many species? Philosphical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London B, 330: 293-304.
May RM (1991) A fondness for fungi. Nature,
352: 475-476.
May RM (1992) How many species inhabit the Earth? Scientific
American, October: 18-24.
May RM (1992) Taxonomy as destiny. Nature,
357: 278-279.
May RM (1992) Bottoms up for the oceans. Nature,
357: 278-279.
May RM (1994) Biological diversity: differences between
land and sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,
B, 342: 105-111.
May RM (1995) The cheetah controversy. Nature,
374: 309-310.
May RM (1995) Conceptual aspects of the quantification
of the extent of biological diversity. In: Biodiversity: Measurement
and Estimation ed DL Hawksworth, pp 13-20. Chapman and Hall, London.
May RM, Lawton JH & Stork NE (1995) Assessing
extinction rates. In: Extinction Rates eds JH Lawton & RM May
RM (eds), pp 1-24. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Mayr E (1942) Systematics and the Origin of Species.
Columbia University Press, New York.
Mayr E (1959) Darwin and the evolutionary theory in
biology. In: Evolution and Anthropolgy: a Centennial Appraisal,
The Anthropological Society of Washington, pp 409-412.
Mayr E (1963) Animal Species and Evolution.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Mayr E (1969) Principles of Systematic Zoology.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
Mayr E (1981) Biological classification: towards a
synthesis of opposing methodologies. Science, 214: 510-516.
Mayr E (1982) The Growth of Biological Thought:
Diversity, Evolution and Inheritance. Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA.
Mayr E (1992) A local flora and the biological species
concept. American Journal of Botany, 79: 222-238.
Mayr E (1998) Two empires or three? Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 95: 9720-9723.
McCann KS (2000) The diversity-stability debate.
Nature, 405: 228-233.
McCourt RM (1995) Green algal phylogeny. Trends
in Ecology and Evolution, 10: 159-163.
McCourt RM, Chapman RL, Buchheim MA, Mishler BD
(1998) Green Plants. In Maddison DR (ed) (1998) The Tree of
Life: A Multi-authored, Distributed Internet Project Containing Information
about Phylogeny and Biodiversity. Internet address: http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/green_plants/Green_plants.html
McCoy ED (1990) The distribution of insects along
elevational gradients. Oikos, 58: 313-322.
McGhee JR, Mestecky J, Dertzbaugh MT, Eldridge JH,
Hirasawa M, & Kiyono H (1992) The Mucosal Immune System: from Fundamental
Concepts to Vaccine Development. Vaccine, 19: 75-88.
McGregor SE (1976) Insect Pollination of Cultivated
Crop Plants. Agricultural Handbook No. 496. Agricultural Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington.
McKenna MC (1975) Toward a phylogenetic classification
of the Mammalia. In: Phylogeny of the Primates, eds WP Luckett
& FS Szalay, pp 21-46. Plenum Press, New York.
McKinney FK & Jackson FBC (1989) Bryozoan
Evolution. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
McMenamin MSA & McMenamin DLS (1990) The
emergence of animals: the Cambrian breakthough. Columbia University
Press.
McMenamin MSA & McMenamin DLS (1998) The
garden of Ediacara: discovering the first complex life. Columbia University
Press.
Mcnab BK (1989) Metabolism, size and food habits
in Carnivora. In: Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution, ed
JL Gittleman, pp 335-354. Chapman and Hall, London.
Marine Conservation Society (1985) Sponges of the
British Isles ('Sponge IV') A Colour Guide and Working Document. Marine
Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye.
Meffe GK & Carroll CR (1994) Principles of
Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts, USA.
Meffe GK & Carroll CR (1997) Principles of
Conservation Biology. 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts,
USA.
Melkonian M & Surek B (1995) Phylogeny of
the Chlorophyta: congruence between ultrastructural and molecular evidence.
Bulletin de la societe Zoologique de France, 120: 159-163.
Melville H (1851) Moby Dick, or the White Whale.
London.
MEMB (1992) The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Mammalian
Biology (incorporating Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals). McGraw
Hill, Maidenhead. CD-ROM.
Menzel R & Shmida A (1993) The ecology of flower
colours and the natural colour vision of insect pollinators: the Israeli
flora as a study case. Biological Reviews, 68: 81-120.
Mestel R (1997) Kimberella's slippers. Earth,
6 (5): 24-29.
Meyer A (1993) Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary
processes in East African cichlid fishes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
8: 279-284.
Mielke HW (1989) Patterns of Life. Biogeography
of a Changing World. Unwin Hyman, Inc., Boston, USA.
Miller S (1994) Genetic first upsets food lobby.
New Scientist, 142: 6.
Mills MGL & Biggs HC (1993) Prey apportionment
and related ecological relationships between larger carnivores in the
Kruger National Park. In: Mammals as Predators, eds N Dunstone
& ML Gorman. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London,
65: 253-268. Oxford Scientific Press, Oxford.
Mills LS, Soule ME & Doak DF (1993) The keystone-species
concept in ecology and conservation. BioScience, 43: 219-224.
Mims CA, Playfair JHL, Roitt IM, Wakelin D & Williams
R (1993) Medical Microbiology. Mosby, London.
Minelli A (1993) Biological Systematics. The
State of the Art. Chapman and Hall, London.
Mitchison A (1993) 'Will we survive?' Scientific
American, 269: 102-108.
Mittermeier R & Mittermeier CG (1997) Megadiversity:
Earth's Biologically Wealthiest Nations. CEMEX, Mexico City.
Mittermeier RA, Myers N, Thomsen JB, da Fonseca
YAB & Oliveri S (1998) Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness
areas: approaches to setting conservation priorities. Conservation
Biology, 12: 516-520.
Mittermeier RA, Myers N & Mittermeier CG
(1999) Hotspots. Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial
Ecoregions. CEMEX / Conservation International, Mexico City.
Miyamoto MM & Goodman M (1986) Biomolecular
systematics of eutherian mammals: phylogenetic pattern and classification.
Systemati Zoology, 35: 230-240.
Monkkonen M (1994) Diversity patterns in Palaearctic
and Nearctic forest bird assemblages. Journal of Biogeography,
21: 183-195.
Moore R, Clark WD & Vodopivh DS (1998) Botany.
2nd edition. McGraw-Hill.
Moore-Landecker (1972) Fundamentals of
the Fungi. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Moors PJ (1980) Sexual dimorphism in the body size
of mustelids (Carnivora): the roles of food habits and breeding systems.
Oikos, 34: 147-158.
Conway Morris S (1998) The crucible of Creation:
the Burgess Shale and the rise of animals. Oxford University Press.
Moussa MT (1969) Nematode fossil tracks of Eocene
age from Utah. Nematologica, 15: 376-380.
Moyle PB & Cech Jr. JJ (1988) Fishes: an Introduction
to Ichthyology. 2nd edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Muller R & Baker JR (1990) Medical Parasitology.
Gower Medical Publishing. London.
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonesca
GAB & Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.
Nature, 403: 853-858.
Myers N (2001) Hotspots. In: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity,
Volume 3, ed S Levin, pp. 371-381. Academic Press, Sandiego, USA.
Myers N (1988) Threatened biota: 'hot spots' in tropical
forests. The Environmentalists, 8: 187-208.
Myers N (1990) The biodiversity challenge: expanded
hot-spots analysis. The Environmentalists, 10: 243-256.
Naeem S, Chair FSC, Costanza R, Ehrlich PR, Golley
FB, Hooper DU, Lawton JH, O’Neill RV, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Symstad AJ &
Tilman D (1999) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: maintaining natural
life support processes. Issues in Ecology, 4: 1-14.
Nash S (1989) The plight of systematists: are they
an endangered species? Scientist, 16: 7.
Nash TH (1995) Lichen Biology. Cambridge University
Press, New York, USA.
Needham T (1743) A letter concerning certain chalky
tubulous concretions called malm, with some microscopical observations
on the farina of the red lily, and of worms discovered in smutty corn.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 42: 173, 174,
634-641.
Nelson JS (1994) Fishes of the World. 3rd edition.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Chichester.
Nelson KE, Clayton RA, Gill SR, Gwinn ML, Dodson
RJ, Haft DH, Hickey EK, Peterson JD, Neslon WC, Ketchum KA, McDonald L,
Utterback TR, Malek JA, Linher KD, Garrett MM, Stewart AM, Cotton MD,
Pratt MS, Phillips CA, Richardson D, Heidleberg J, Sutton GG, Fleischmann
RD, Eisen JA, White O, Salzberg, SL, Smith HO, Venter JC & Fraser
CM (1999) Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and Bacteria
from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima. Nature, 399:
323-329.
Neuweiler G (1983) Echolocation and adaptivity
to ecological constraints. In: Neuroethology and Behavioural Physiology:
Roots and Growing Points eds F Huber and H Markl), pp 280-302. Berlin:
Springer.
Nevile C (1978) The Biology of the Arthropod
Cuticle. Caroline Biology Readers 103.
Nielsen C (1977) The relationship of Entoprocta,
Ectoprocta, and Phoronida. American Zoologist, 17: 149-150.
Niklas KJ (1997) Evolutionary Biology of Plants.
University of Chicago Press.
Nilsson LA, Jonsson L, Rason L & Randrianjohany
E (1985) Monophily and pollination mechanisms in Angraecum arachnites
Schltr. (Orchidaceae) in a guild of long-tongued hawk-moths (Sphingidae)
in Madagascar. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 26: 1-19.
Nisbet EG & Sleep NH (2001) The habitat and
nature of early life. Nature, 409: 1083-1091.
Nixon KC & Wheeler QD (1990) An amplification
of the phylogenetic species concept. Cladistics, 6: 211-223.
Norberg UM (1985) Evolution of vertebrate flight:
an aerodynamic model for the transition from gliding to flapping flight.
Am. Nat., 126: 303-327.
Norberg UM & Rayner JMV (1987) Ecological morphology
and flight in bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): wing adaptions, flight performance,
foraging strategy and echolocation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B.,
316: 335-427.
Norman DB (1991) Dinosaur! Boxtree, London.
Norman DB (1994) Prehistoric Life: the Rise of
the Vertebrates. Boxtree, London.
Normile D (2000) Marine mammalogy - Japan's whaling
programme carries heavy baggage. Science, 289: 2264-2265.
Norse EA & McManus RE (1980) Ecology and living
resources biological diversity. In: Environmental Quality 1980: the
11th Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality, pp 31-80.
Council on Environmental Quality, Washington D.C..
Norse EA, Rosenbaum KL, Wilcove DS, Wilcox BA, Romme
WH, Johston DW & Stout ML (1986) Conserving Biological Diversity
in our National Forests. he Wilderness Society, Washington D.C, USA.
Norton BG (2000) Biodiversity and environmental
values: in search of a universal earth ethic. Biodiversity and Conservation,
9: 1029-1044.
Nossal GJV (1993) Life, Death and the Immune System.
Scientific American, 269: 20-30.
Novacek MJ (1980) Cranioskeletal features in tupaiids
and selected Eutheria. In: Comparative Biology and Evolutionary Relationships
of Tree Shrews pp 35-93, ed WP Luckett. Plenum Press, New York.
Novacek MJ (1982) Information for molecular studies
from anatomical and fossil evidence on higher eutherian phylogeny. In:
Macromolecular Sequences in Systematic and Evolutionary Biology
ed M Goodman, pp 3-41. Plenum Press, New York.
Novacek MJ, Wyss AR & McKenna MC (1988) The
major groups of eutherian mammals. In: The Phylogeny and Classification
of the Tetrapods, volume 2: Mammals ed MJ Benton, Syst. Ass. Spec.
Vol. 35B: 31-71. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Novacek MJ & Wheeler Q (1992) Extinction
and phylogeny. Columbia University Press.
Nowak RM (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World.
5th edition, Volume 1. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
and London.
Nowak RM (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World.
5th edition, Volume 2. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
and London.
Nowak RM (1992) The red wolf is not a hybrid. Conservation
Biology, 6: 593-595.
Nybakken OE (1959) Greek and Latin in Scientific
Terminology. The Iowa State University Press, Iowa, USA
Ober WB (1990) Boswell's Clap and other Essays.
Allison and Busby, London pp 1-42.
O'Brien SJ & Mayr E (1991) Bureaucratic mischief:
recognizing endangered species and subspecies. Science, 251: 1187-1188.
O'Brien EM, Whittaker RJ & Field R (1998) Climate
and woody plant diversity in Southern Africa: relationships at species,
genus and family levels. Ecography, 21: 495-501.
Odegaard F (2000) How many species of arthropods?
Erwin's estimate revised. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,
71: 583-597.
Odland A & Birks HJ (1999) The altitudinal gradient
of vascular plant richness in Aurland, western Norway. Ecography,
22: 548-566.
O'Donell AG, Goodfellow M & Hawksworth DL
(1995) Theoretical and practical aspects of the quantification of biodiversity
among microorganisms. In: Biodiversity: Measurement and Estimation
ed DL Hawksworth, pp 65-73. Chapman and Hall, London.
Okamura B (1985) The effects of ambient flow velocity,
colony size, and upstream colonies on the feeding success of Bryozoa.
II. Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus), an encrusting species. Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 89: 69-80.
Okamura B (1992) Microhabitat variation and patterns
of colony growth and feeding in a marine bryozoan. Ecology, 73:
1502-1513.
Okamura B & Doolan LA (1993) Patterns of suspension
feeding in the freshwater bryozoan Plumatella repens.Biological Bulletin
(Woods Hole), 184: 52-56.
Olfield RJ (1994) Light microscopy : an Illustrated
Guide. Wolfe, London.
Olsen GJ (1990) Microbial ecology: variation among
the masses. Nature, 345: 20.
Olsen GJ, Woese CR & Overbeck R (1994) The winds
of (evolutionary) change: breathing new life into microbiology. Journal
of Bacteriology, 176: 1-6.
Ormond RFG, Gage JD & Angel MV eds (1997) Marine
Biodiversity. Patterns and Processes. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Otte D & Endler JA (eds) (1989) Speciation
and its Consequences. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA.
Owens IPF & Bennett PM (2000) Ecological basis
of extinction risk in birds: habitat loss versus human persecution and
introduced predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United Staes of America, 97: 12144-12148.
Owen-Smith RN (1988) Megaherbivores: the Influence
of very Large Body Size on Ecology. Cambridge University Press.
Pace NR (1997) A molecular view of microbial diversity
and the biosphere. Science, 276: 734-740.
Packer C & Pusey AE (1982) Cooperation and competition
within coalitions of male lions: kin selection or game theory? Nature,
296: 740-742.
Packer C (1986) The ecology of sociality in felids.
In: Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution eds DI Rubenstein &
RW Wrangham. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Packer C, Herbst L & Pusey AE (1988) Reproductive
success in lions. In: Reproductive Success: Studies of Individual Variation
in Contrasting Breeding Systems ed TH Clutton-Brock, pp 363-383. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Padian JMVR & Rayner JMV (1993) The wings of
pterosaurs. Amer. J. Sci., 293-A: 91-166.
Paine R (1994) Marine Rocky Shores and Community
Ecology. Ecology Institute, Nordbruite.
Panchen AL (1992) Classification, Evolution
and the Nature of Biology. Cambridge University Press.
Pankhurst RJ (1991) Practical taxonomic computing.
Cambridge University Press.
Pantin C (1960) Diploblastic Animals. Proc. Linn.
Soc. Lond., 171: 1-14.
Parker SP (1982) Synopsis and classification
of living organisms. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Paterson HEH (1985) The recognition concept of
species. In: Evolutionary processes and theory, ed E Vrba. Academic
Press, New York.
Patterson C (1981) Significance of fossils in
determining evolutionary relationships. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics, 12: 195-223.
Patterson DJ & Sogin ML (1993) Eukaryote
origins and protistan diversity. In: The Origin and Evolution of the
Cell, eds H. Hartman & K. Matsuno, pp 13-46. World Scientific
Publishing, Singapore.
Patterson DJ (1999) The diversity of eukaryotes.
American Naturalist, 154 (suppl.): S96-S124.
Paul WE (1993) Infectious Diseases and the immune
system. Scientific American, September: 37-63.
Pawley JB (1995) Handbook of Confocal Microscopy.
Plenum Press, New York.
Paynter D & Nussey W (1986) Kruger. Portrait
of a National Park. Southern Book Publishers, Johannesburg.
Pearson LC (1995) The Diversity and Evolution
of Plants. CRC Press.
Peet RK (1974) The measurement of species diversity.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5: 285-307.
Petersen KW (1979) Development of coloniality
in Hydrozoa. In: Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms,
eds G. Larwood & BR Rosen, pp 105-139.
Peterson R, Mountfort G & Hollom PAD (1974)
A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. 3rd edition.
Collins, London.
Pettigrew JD (1986) Flying primates? Megabats
have the advanced pathway from eye to midbrain. Science, 231: 1304-1306.
Pettigrew JD, Jamieson BGM, Robson SK, Hall LS,
McAnally KI and Cooper HM (1989) Phylogenetic relations between microbats,
megabats and primates (Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates). Phil. Trans.
R. Soc. London. B, Biol. Sci., 325: 489-559.
Pettigrew JD (1991) Wings or Brain? Convergent
evolution in the origin of bats. Systematic Zoology, 40: 199-216.
Pettigrew JD (1991) A fruitful, wrong hypothesis?
Response to Baker, Novacek and Simmons. Systematic Zoology, 40:
231-239.
Pettigrew JD (1995) Flying primates: crashed,
or crashed through? In: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Bats,
eds PA Racey & SM Swift. Zoological society of London Symposium 67:
pp 3-26. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Phillips R (1981) Mushrooms and Other Fungi
of Great Britain and Europe. Pan Books Ltd, London.
Pianka ER (1970) On r- and K- selection. American
Naturalist, 104: 592-597.
Pianka ER & Schall JJ (1981) Species densities
of Australian vertebrates. In: Ecological Biogeography of Australia
ed A Keast, pp. 1675-1694. Junk, The Hague.
Pianka ER (1983) Evolutionary Ecology. Harper
& Row.
Pidgeon IM & Ashby E (1940) Studies in applied
ecology. 1. A statistical analysis of regeneration following protection
from grazing. Proceedings of the Linnean Society New South Wales,
65: 123-143.
Pielou EC (1976) Population and Community Ecology.
Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, New York.
Pimm SL (2000) The value of everything. Nature,
387: 231-232.
Pimm S (1984) The complexity and stability of ecosystems.
Nature, 307: 321-326.
Pimm SL, Jones HL & Diamond J (1988) On the risk
of extinction. American Naturalist, 132: 757-785.
Pimm SL, Russell GJ, Gittleman JL & Brooks TM
(1995) The future of biodiversity. Science, 269: 347-350.
Pimm SL, Moulton MP & Justice LJ (1995) Bird
extinctions in the central Pacific. In: Extinction Rates eds JH
Lawton & RM May RM (eds), pp 75-87. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Pimm SL & Askins RA (1995) Forest losses predict
bird extinctions in eastern North America. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA, 92: 9343-9347.
Pineda J & Caswell H (1998) Bathymetric species-diversity
patterns and boundary constraints on vertical range distributions. Deep-Sea
Research II, 45: 83-101.
Platnick NI (1991) Patterns of biodiversity: tropical
vs temperate. Journal of Natural History, 25: 1083-1088.
Platz JE & Conlon JM (1997) ... and turn back
again. Nature, 389: 246.
Playfair JHL, Brostoff J, Scadding GK, Male D,
& Roitt IM (1991) Principles of Immunity to Infection. Clinical
Immunology Gower Medical Publishing, London. pp 22.1-22.10.
Ploem JS & Tanke HJ (1987) Introduction to
Fluorescence Microscopy. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Plough, FH, Heiser, JB & McFarland, WN (1989)
Vertebrate Life. 3rd edition. Macmillan Publishing Company, New
York.
Poinar GO Jr, Leutenegger R, Goltz P (1968) Ultrastructure
of the formation of a melanotic capsule in Diabrotica (Coleoptera) in
response to a parasitic nematode (Mermithidae). J. Ultrastructure.
Res., 25: 293-306.
Pollack GD & Casseday JH 1989 Neural Basis
of Echolocation in Bats. Springer Verlag.
Pomeroy LR (1974) The Ocean's Food Web, a Changing
Paradigm. Bioscience 9: 499-504.
Pond C (1990) Diversity of Organisms. The Open
University / Hodder & Stoughton.
Posey DA & Oxford Centre for the Environment
(ed) (1999) Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. A Complimentary
Contribution to the Global Biodiversity Assessment. UNEP / ITP, London,
UK.
Postgate J (1989) Microbial happy families. New
Scientist, 121: 40-44.
Powers, EM (1995) Efficacy of the RYU nonstaining
KOH technique for rapidly determining Gram reactions of food-borne and
waterborne bacteria and yeasts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
61: 3756-3758.
Prendergast JR, Quinn RM, Lawton JH, Eversham
BC & Gibbons DW (1993) rare species, the coincidence of diversity
hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature, 365: 636-639.
Preston FW (1957) Analysis of Maryland statewide
bird counts. Bulletin of the Maryland Ornithological Society, 13:
63-65.
Preston FW (1960) Time and space and the variation
of species. Ecology, 41: 785-790.
Preston FW (1962a) The canonical distribution
of commonness and rarity: part I. Ecology, 43: 185-215.
Preston FW (1962b) The canonical distribution
of commonness and rarity: part II. Ecology, 43: 410-432.
Price ARG (2002) Simultaneous 'hotspots' and 'coldspots'
of marine biodiversity and implications for global conservation. Marine
Ecology progress Series, 241: 23-27.
Pringle JWS (1975) Insect Flight. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
Proctor M & Yeo P (1973) The Pollination
of Flowers. Collins, London.
Prothero DR & Schoch RM (eds) (1989) Evolution
of Perissodactyls. Clarendon Press, New York.
Prys-Jones OE & Corbet SA (1991) Bumblebees.
Naturalists' Handbooks 6. Revised edition. Richmond Publishing Company,
Slough, UK.
Purvis A, Agapow P-M, Gittleman JL & Mace GM
(2000) Non-random extinction and the loss of evolutionary history. Science,
288: 328-330.
Purvis A & Hector A (2000) Getting the measure
of biodiversity. Nature, 405: 212-219.
Qiu Y-L, Lee J, Bernasconi-Quadroni F, Soltis DE, Soltis
PS, Zanis M, Zimmer EA, Chen Z, Savolainen V, Chase MW (2000) The earliest
angiosperms: evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes.
Nature, 402: 404-407.
Quicke DLJ (1993) Principles and Techniques of
Contemporary Taxonomy. Blackie Academic and Professional, Chapman
and Hall, Glasgow.
Raffaelli D & Hawkins S (1996) Intertidal
Ecology. Chapman & Hall.
Ragan MA & Gutell RR (1995) Are red algae plants?
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 118: 81-105.
Rahbek C (1995) The elevational gradient of species
richness: a uniform pattern? Ecography, 18: 200-205.
Ramsbottom J (1963) The New Naturalist Mushrooms
and Toadstools. Collins, London.
Ransome RD (1991) Biology of Hibernating Bats.
Croom Helm.
Rapport EH (1994) Remarks on marine and continental
biogeography: an areographical viewpoint. Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London series B, 343: 71-78.
Raup DM (1986) Biological extinction in Earth history.
Science,231: 1528-1533.
Raup DM (1987) The Nemesis Affair: a Story of the
Death of Dinosaurs and the Ways of Science. VW Norton, New York.
Raup DM (1993) Extinction: bad genes or bad luck?
Oxford University Press.
Raven PH, Evert RF & Eichhorn SE (1998)
The Biology of Plants. 6th edition. Freeman & Company.
Rawlins DJ (1992) Light Microscopy. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
Ray GC & Grassle JF (1991) Marine biological diversity.
BioScience, 41: 453-457.
Rayner JMV, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (1981) Flight
adaptations in vertebrates. In: Vertebrate Locomotion ed MH Day.
Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 48: 137-172.
Rayner JMV (1987) The mechanics of flapping flight
in bats. In: Recent Advances in the Study of Bats (ed Fenton MB,
Racey PA & Rayner JMV), pp 23-42. Cambridge University Press.
Reaka-Kudla ML, Wilson DE & Wilson EO (ed)
(1997) Biodiversity II. Understanding and Protecting Our Biological
Resources. Joseph Henry Press, Washington.
Reaka-Kudla ML (1997) The global biodiversity
of coral reefs: a comparison with rainforests. In: Biodiversity II.
Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, eds ML Reaka-Kudla,
DE Wislon & EO Wilson, pp 83-108. Joseph Henry Press, Washington.
Reid WV & Miller KR (1989) Keeping Option Alive:
the Scientific Basis for Conserving Biodiversity. World Resources
Institute, Washington, D.C.
Reid WV (1998) Biodiversity hotspots. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution, 13: 275-280.
Reiswig HM & Mackie GO (1983) Studies on hexactinellid
sponges. III. The taxonomic status of Hexactinellida within the Porifera.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 310:
419-428.
Remane A (1956) Die Grundlagen des natürlichen
Systems, vergleichenden Anatomie und der Phylogenetik. Theoretisce Morphologie
und Systematik. Vol. 1. 2nd edition. Academisce Verlagsgesellschaft
Geest und Portig, Leipzig.
Remane A (1963) The Systematic position and Phylogeny
of the Pseudocoelomates. In: The Lower Metazoa - Comparative Biology
and Phylogeny ed EC Dougherty. University of California Press, Los
Angeles.
Rennie J (1994) Grading the Gene Tests. Scientific
American, 270: 66-74.
Rex MA (1981) Community structure in the deep sea benthos.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 12: 331-353.
Rex MA (1983) Geographic patterns of species diversity
in the deep-sea benthos. In: Deep-sea Biology. 8., The Sea, ed
GT Rowe, pp. 453-472. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Rex MA, Stuart CT,Hessier RR, Allen JA, Sanders HL
& Wilson GDF (1993) Global-scale latitudinal patterns of species diversity
in the deep-sea benthos. Nature, 365: 636-639.
Richard A (1985) Primates in Nature. Freeman,
New York.
Richardson P (1985) Bats. Whittet, London.
Richarz K & Limbrunner A (1993) The World
of Bats: the Flying Goblins of the Night. TFH Publications, Waterlooville.
Ricklefs RE (1979) Ecology. 2nd edition.
Nelson, Middlesex.
Ricklefs RE & Schluter D (1993) Species
diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives.
University of Chicago Press.
Ridge I (1991) Plant Physiology. Hodder &
Stoughton.
Ridley M (1989) The cladistic solution to the species
problem. Biological Philosophy, 4: 1-16.
Ridley M (1993) Evolution. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
Ridley M (1996) Evolution. 2nd edition. Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Rieger R & Tyler S (1979) The homology theorem
in ultrastructure research. American Zoologist, 19: 655-664.
Riisgård HU, Thomassen S, Jakobsen H, Weeks JM
& Larsen PS (1993) Suspension feeding in marine sponges Halichondria
panicea and Haliclona urceolus: effects of temperature on filtration
rate and energy cost of pumping. Marine Ecology Progress Series,
96: 177-188.
Roberts CM, McClean CJ, Veron JEN, Hawkins JP,
Allen GR, McAllister DE, Mittermeier C, Schueler FW, Spalding M, Wells
F, Vynne C & Werner TB (2002) Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation
priorities for tropical reefs. Science, 295: 1280-1284.
Roberts MJ (1970) The structure of the mouthparts
of syrphid larvae in relation to feeding habits. Acta Zoologica,
51: 43-65.
Roberts L (1992) 2 chromosomes down, 22 to go.
Science, 258: 28-30.
Roberts MB, Stringer CB & Parfitt SA (1994)
A hominid tibia from Middle Pleistocene sediments at Boxgrove, UK. Nature,
369: 311-312.
Roberts MB (1994) How old is 'Boxgrove man'?:
Roberts replies. Nature, 371: 751.
Roberts DMcL, Sharp P, Alderson G & Collins
M (1996) Evolution of microbial life. Society for general microbiology
symposium Vol 54, Cambridge University Press.
Roberts MB (1994) How old is 'Boxgrove man'?:
Roberts replies. Nature, 371: 751.
Rohde K (1997) The larger area of the tropics does
not explain latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Oikos,
79: 169-172.
Roitt I, Brostoff J & Male D (1993) Immunology.
3rd edition. Mosby, St Louis.
Roitt I, Brostoff J & Male D (1993) Immunology.
3rd edition. Mosby, St Louis pp 14.1-14.22.
Romer AS & Parsons TS (1986) The Vertebrate
Body. 6th edition. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
Rosenzweig ML (1966) Community structure in sympatric
carnivores. Journal of Mammalogy, 47: 602-612.
Rosenzweig ML (1968) Strategy of body size in
mammalian carnivores. American Midland Naturalist, 80: 299-315.
Rosenzweig ML (1995) Species Diversity in
Space and Time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Rosenzweig ML & Sandlin EA (1997) Species
diversity and latitude: listening to area's signal. Oikos, 80:
172-176.
Ross KFA (1967) Phase Contrast and Interference
Microscopy for Cell Biologists. Edward Arnold, London.
Roth VL (1984) On Homology. Biological Journal
of the Linnean Society, 22: 13-29.
Rotheray GE (1994) Colour guide to hoverfly larvae.
Dipterists Digest, 7.
Rotheray GE & Gilbert F (unpubl.) The systematics
and phylogeny of the Syrphidae (Diptera) based on larval and pupal characters.
Submitted to: Zool. J. Linn. Soc.
Rowe N (1996) The Pictorial Guide to the Living
Primates. Pogonias Press.
Roy MS, Geffen E, Smith D & Wayne RK (1996) Molecular
genetics of pre-1940 red wolves. Conservation Biology, 10: 1413-1424.
Rubbi CP (1994) Light Microscopy : Essential Data.
Wiley, Chichester.
Rupert EE & Barnes RD (1994) Invertebrate
Zoology. 6th edition. Saunders College Publishing, USA.
Ryland JS (1967) Polyzoa. Oceanography and Marine
Biology Annual Review, 5: 343-369.
Ryland JS (1970) Bryzoans. Hutchinson University
Library, Hutchinson & Co., London.
Systematics Agenda 2000 (1994) Systematics Agenda
2000: Charting the Biosphere. Technical Report. Produced by Systematics
Agenda 2000.
Salisbury FB & Ross CW (1992) Plant Physiology.
4th ediition. Wadsworth.
Sandel M (1989) The mating tactics and spacing
patterns of solitary carnivores. In: Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology,
and Evolution, ed JL Gittleman, pp 164-182. Chapman and Hall, London.
Sanders HL (1968) Marine benthic diversity: a comparative
study. American Naturalist, 102: 243-282.
Sands P (1995) Principles of International Environmental
Law. Volume 1: Frameworks, Standards and Implementation. Manchester
University Press, Manchester.
Sars GO (1872) On some remarkable forms of animal
life from the great depths off the Norwegian coast. 1. Posthumous manuscripts
of the late Professor Dr. Michael Saras. In: University Program for
the First Half-year 1869. Berger abd Christie, Christiania (Oslo),
Norway.
Savage RJG & Long MR (1986) Mammalian Evolution:
an Illustrated Guide. Facts on File Publications and The British Museum
(Natural History), New York and London.
Schaffer ML (1981) Minimum population sizes for
species conservation. Bio-Science, 31: 131-134.
Schaller GB (1972) The Serengeti Lion: a Study
of Predator-Prey Relationships. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Schaller GB (1977) Mountain Monarchs. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Schantz T von (1984) Spacing strategies, kin selection
and population regulation in altricial vertebrates. Oikos, 42:
48-58.
Schliegel HG (1992) General Microbiology.
7th edition. Cambridege University Press, Cambridge.
Schmidt-Nielsen K (1979) Desert Animals.
Physiological Problems of Heat and Water. Dover.
Schmidt-Nielsen K (1990) Animal Physiology:
Adaptation and Environment. 4th edition. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K (1984) Scaling: Why
is Animal Size so Important? Cambridge University Press.
Schober W & Grimmberger E (1989) A Guide
to Bats of Britain and Europe. Hamlyn, London.
Schopf JW (1968) Microflora of the Bitter Springs
formation, Late Precambrian, Central Australia. Journal of Paleontology
42: 651-688.
Schopf JW (1993) Microfossils of the early Archean
apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260:
640-646.
Schreiber H (1978) Dispersal centres of Sphingidae
(Lepidoptera) in the Neotropical region. Biogeographica 10. Junk,
The Hague.
Schulz HN, Brinkoff T, Ferdelman TG, Hernandez Marine
M, Teske A & Jorgensen BB (1999) Dense populations of a giant sulphur
bacterium in Namibian shelf sediments. Science, 284: 493-494.
Schwartzman S, Moreira A & Nepstad D (2000)
Rethinking tropical forest conservation: perils in parks. Conservation
Biology, 14: 1351-1357.
Scriber JM (1973) Latitudinal gradients in larval
feeding specializations of the world papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Psyche,
80: 355-373.
Sechrest W, Brooks TM, da Fonesca GAB, Konstant
WR, Mittermeier RA, Purvis A, Rylands AB & Gittleman JL (2002) Hotspots
and the conservation of evolutionary history. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, USA, 99: 2067-2071.
Seeley TD (1985) Honeybee Ecology: A Study of
Adaptation in Social Life. Princeton University Press, Princeton,
USA.
Seilacher A (1989) Vendozoa: Organismic concentration
in the proterozoic biosphere. Lethaia, 22: 229-239.
Sepkokski JJ Jr. (1992) Phylogenetic and ecological
patterns in the Phanerozoic history of marine biodiversity. In: Systematics,
Ecology, and the Biodiversity Crisis ed N Eldredge. pp. 77-100. Columbia
University Press, New York.
Sharp R (1997) The African elephant: Conservation
and CITES. Oryx, 31: 111-119.
Shaw KM, Lambshead, J & Platt, H (1983) Detection
of pollution induced disturbance in marine benthic assemblages with special
reference to nematodes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 11: 195-202.
Sheehan PM, Fastovsky DE, Hoffman RG, Berghaus
CB, Gabriel DL (1991). Sudden extinction of the dinosaurs: latest Cretaceous,
upper Great Plains, U.S.A. Science, 254: 835-839.
Shields WM (1983) Optimal inbreeding and the evolution
of philopatry. In: The Ecology of Animal Movement ed IR Swingland
& PJ Greenwood, pp 63-101. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Shierbeek A (1959) Measuring the Invisible
World : the Life and Works of Antoni van Leewenhoeck. Abelard Schuman,
London.
Shipman P (1986) Scavenging or hunting in early
hominids: theoretical frameworks and tests. Am. Anthrop., 88: 27-43.
Shu D-G, Conway Morris, S & Zhang X-L (1996) A
Pikaia-like chordate from the Lower Cambrian of China. Nature,
384: 157-158.
Sibley GG and Ahlquist JE (1984) The phylogeny of
the hominoid primates as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization. In: The
Human Evolution Source Book ed RL Ciochon & JG Fleagle, p 12.
Prentice-Hall.
Silverstein AM (1989) A History of Immunology.
Academic Press, San Diego.
Simberloff DS & Abele LG (1976) Island biogeography
theory and conservation practice. Science, 191: 285-286.
Simberloff DS (1976a) Species turnover and
equilibrium island biogeography. Science, 194: 572-578.
Simberloff DS (1976b) Experimental zoogeography
of islands: effects of island size. Ecology, 57: 629-648.
Simberloff D (1988) The contribution of population
and community ecology to conservation science. Annual Review of Ecology
and Systematics, 19: 473-511.
Simberloff D (1992) Do species-area curves predict
extinction in fragmented forest? In: Tropical Deforestation and Species
Extinction, eds TC Whitmore & JA Sayer, pp 75-89. Chapman &
Hall, London.
Simmons NB, Novacek MJ & Baker RJ (1991) Approaches,
methods and the future of the Chiropteran monophyly controversy: a reply
to JD Pettigrew. Systematic Zoology, 40: 239-243.
Simmons NB (1995) Bat relationships and the origin
of flight. In: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Bats, eds PA
Racey & SM Swift. Zoological society of London Symposium 67: pp 27-43.
Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Simons E (1972) Primate Evolution: An Introduction
to Man's Place in Nature. Macmillan.
Simpson GG (1945) The principles of classification
and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of
Natural History, 85: 1-350.
Simpson EH (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature,
163: 688.
Simpson GG (1951) Horses. The Story of the Horse
Family in the Modern World and through Sixty Million Years of History.
Oxford University Press: New York.
Simpson GG (1961) Principles of Animal Taxonomy.
Columbia University Press, New York.
Simpson GG (1964) Species density of North American
recent mammals. Systematic Zoology, 13: 57-63.
Singleton P (1997) Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology
and Medicine. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
Skelton PW (1993) Evolution. A Biological and
Palaeontological Approach. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company &
The Open University, Milton Keynes.
Slayter E (1992) Light and Electron Microscopy.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sleigh M (1989) Protozoa and other Protists.
Arnold.
Sloan RE, Rigby JK, Van Valen L, Gabriel DL (1986)
Gradual dinosaur extinction and simultaneous ungulate radiation in the
Hell Creek formation. Science, 232: 629-633.
Smetacek V (2000) A watery arms race. Nature,
411: 745.
Smith TB, Kark S, Schneider CJ & Wayne RK (2001)
Biodiversity hotspots and beyond: the need for preserving environmental
transitions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 16: 431.
Smith SV & Kinsey DW (1976) Calcium carbonate
production, coral reef growth and sea level change. Science, 194:
937-939.
Smith JD & Madkour G (1980) Penial morphology
and the question of chiropteran monopoly. Proceedings of the 5th International
Bat Research Conference pp 347-365, eds DE Wilson and AL Gardner.
Texas Tech Press, Lubbock.
Smith RL (1982) Venomous Animals of Arizona.
University of Arizona Press.
Smith LC & Davidson EH (1992) The echinoid immune
system and the phylogenetic occurrence of immune mechanisms in deuterosomes.
Immunology Today, 13: 356-62.
Smith FDM, May RM, Pellew R, Johnson TH & Walter
KR (1993) How much do we know about current extinction rate? Trends
in Ecology and Evolution, 8: 375-378.
Smith FDM, May RM, Pellew R, Johnson TH & Walter
KR (1993) Estimating extinction rates. Nature, 364: 494-496.
Smith AB (1994) Systematics and the Fossil Record:
Documenting Evolutionary Patterns. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW &
Struksaker TT (1987) Primate Societies. Chicago University Press,
Chicago.
Sneath PHA & Sokal RR (1973) Numerical Taxonomy.
The principles and practice of numerical classification. WH Freeman
and Company, San Francisco.
Sogin ML (1989) Evolution of eukaryotic microorganisms
and their small subunit ribosomal RNAs. American Zoologists, 29:
487-499.
Sogin ML & Hinkle G (1996) Common measures for
studies of biodiversity: molecular phylogeny in the eukaryotic microbial
world. In: Biodiversity II. Understanding and Protecting Our Biological
Resources, eds ML Reaka-Kudla, DE Wislon & EO Wilson, pp 109-122.
Joseph Henry Press, Washington.
Sokal RR & Sneath PHA (1963) Principles of
Numerical Taxonomy. WH Freeman and Company, San Francisco and London.
Sokal RR & Crovello TJ (1970) The biological
species concept: a critical evaluation. American Naturalist 104:
127-153.
Soltis PS & Gitzender MA (1998) Molecular systematics
and the conservation of rare species. Conservation Biology, 13:
471-483.
Soul?ME & Wilcox BA (eds) (1980) Conservation
Biology: an Evolutionary-Ecoological Perspective. Sinauer Associates,
Sunderland MA.
Soul?ME (ed) (1987) Viable Populations for Conservation.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Southwood TRE & Henderson PA (2000) Ecological
Methods. 3rd edition. Chapman and Hall, London.
Southwood TRE (1978) Ecological Methods, with
Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations. Chapman and
Hall, London.
Southwood TRE (1978) The components of diversity.
In: Diversity of Insect Faunas, eds LA Mound & N. Waloff, pp
19-40. Blackwell, London.
Southwood TRE, Moran VC & Kennedy CEJ (1982)
The richness, abundance and biomass of the arthropod communities on trees.
Journal of Animal Ecology, 51: 635-649.
Southworth HN (1975) Introduction to Modern
Microscopy. Wykeham Publications, London.
Spencer M (1931) Fundamentals of Light Microscopy.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sporne KR (1966) The Morphology of Pteridophytes.
The Structure of Ferns and Allied Plants. 2nd edition. Hutchinson
University Library, London.
Sporne KR (1975) The Morphology of Pteridophytes.
The Structure of Ferns and Allied Plants. 4th edition. Hutchinson
University Library, London.
Sporne KR (1969) The Morphology of Gymnosperms.
The Structure and Evolution of Primitive Seed-plants. Hutchinson University
Library, London.
Sporne KR (1975) The Morphology of Gymnosperms.
The Structure and Evolution of Primitive Seed-plants. 2nd edition.
Hutchinson University Library, London.
Sporne KR (1974) The Morphology of Angiosperms.
The Structure and Evolution of Flowering Plants. Hutchinson University
Library, London.
Stace CA (1989) Plant Taxonomy and Biosytematics.
2nd edition. Edward Arnold, London.
Stanley SM (1997) Extinction. Scientific
American Library. WH Freeman.
Stattersfield AJ, Crosby MJ, Long AJ &
Wege DC (1998) Endemic Bird Area of the World. Birdlife International,
Cambridge, UK.
Steadman DW (1997) Human-caused extinction of
birds. In: Biodiversity II eds ML Reaka-Kudla, DE Wilson &
EO Wilson, pp 139-162. Joseph Henry Press, Washington.
Stearn WT (1992) Botanical Latin: History, Grammar,
Syntax, Terminology & Vocabulary. David & Charles, UK.
Stehli FG (1968) Taxonomic diversity gradients in
pole locations: The recent model. In: Evolution and the Environment
ed ET Drake, pp 163-227. Peabody Museum Centennial Symposium. Yale University
Press, New Haven, CT, USA.
Stehli FG, Douglas RG & Newell ND (1969) Generation
and maintenance of gradients in taxonomic diversity. Science, 164:
947-949.
Stehli FG & Wells JW 1971 Diversity and age
patterns in hermatypic corals. Systematic Zoology, 20: 115-126.
Stephenson AG & Bertin RI (1983) Male competition,
female choice, and sexual selection in plants. In: Pollination Biology
ed L Real, pp 109-149. Academic Press, Orlando, USA.
Stern JT Jr & Susman RL (1983) The locomotor
anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis. Am. J. phys. Anthrop.,
60: 279-317.
Stetter KO (1996) Hyperthermophilic prokaryotes.
FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 18: 149-158.
Stevenson RD & Wassersug RJ (1993) Horse
power from a horse. Nature, 364: 195.
Stewart WN & Rothwell GW (1992) Palaeobotany
and the evolution of plants Cambridge University Press.
Stiassny MJ & Meyer A (1999) Cichlids of the
rift lakes. Scientific American, 280: 44-49.
Stiling PD (1999) Ecology: Theories and Applications.
3rd edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Stilling PD (1996) Ecology: Theories and Applications.
2nd edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Stoett PJ & Holt SJ (1998) The international
politics of whaling. Environmental Values, 7: 372-374.
Stork NE (1988) Insect diversity: facts, fiction
and speculation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 35:
321-337.
Stork NE & Gaston KG (1990) Counting species
one by one. New Scientist, 1729: 43-47.
Stork NE (1991) The composition of the arthropod
fauna of Bornean lowland rain forest trees. Journal of Tropical Ecology,
7: 161-180.
Stork NE (1993) How many species are there? Biodiversity
and Conservation, 2: 215-232.
Stork NE (1994) Inventories of biodiversity: more
than a question of numbers. In: Systematics and Conservation Evaluation
eds PL Forey, CJ Humphries & RI Vane-Wright, Systematics Association
Special Volume No. 50: 82-100. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Stork NE (1997) Measuring global biodiversity and
its decline. In: Biodiversity II eds Reaka-Kudla, Wilson &
Wilson, pp 41-68. Joseph Henry Press, Washington.
Stork NE, Adis J & Didham RK (1997) Canopy
Arthropods. Chapman & Hall, London.
Stringer CB & Andrews P (1988) Genetic and
fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans. Science, 239:
1263-1268.
Stringer CB (1990) The Asian connection. New
Scientist, 1743: 33-37.
Stringer CB & Gamble C (1993) In: Search
of the Neanderthals. Thames and Hudson.
Strong DR (1980) Null hypotheses in ecology. Synthese,
43: 271-285.
Stuart CT & Rex MA (1994) The relationship between
developmental pattern and species diversity in deep-sea prosobranch snails.
In: Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos
eds CM Young & KJ Eckelbarger, pp 119-136. Columbia University Press,
New York.
Sturmbauer C & Meyer A (1992) Genetic divergence,
speciation and morphological stasis in a lineage of African cichlid fishes.
Nature, 358: 578-581.
Sughira G (1981) S = cAz,
z = 1/4: a reply to Connor and McCoy. American Naturalist,
117: 790-793.
Summons RE, Jahnke LL, Hope JM, Logan GA (1999)
2-methylhopanoids as biomarkers for cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis.
Nature400 554-557
Swanson TM & Barbier EB (1992) Economics
for the Wild: Wildlife, Wildlands, Diversity and Development. Earthscan
Publications Ltd, London.
Swisher CC, Curtis GH, Jacob T, Getty AG, Suprijo
A & Widiasmoro (1994) Age of the earliest known hominids in Java,
Indonesia. Science, 263: 1118-1121.
Swisher CC, Rink WJ, Anton SC, Schwarz HP, Curtis
GH, Suprijo A & Widiasmoro (1996) Latest Homo erectus of Java
- potential contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.
Science, 274:, 1870-1874.
Szalay FS & Delson E (1979) Evolutionary
History of the Primates. Academic Press.
Tattersall I, Delson E & van Couvering J
(1988) Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory. Garland.
Taylor LR (1978) Bates, Williams, Hutchinson - a
variety of diversities. In: Diversity of Insect Faunas: 9th Symposium
of the Royal Entomological Society eds LA Mound & N Warloff, pp
1-18. Blackwell, Oxford.
Taylor RJ & Regal PJ (1978) The peninsular
effect on species diversity and the biogeography of Baja California. American
Naturalist, 112: 583-593.
Taylor P (1994) Evolutionary palaeoecology of symbioses
between bryozoans and hermit crabs. Historical Biology, 9: 157-205.
Temple SA (1985) The problem of avian extinctions.
In: Current Ornithology, ed RF Johnston, Vol. 3, pp 453-485. Plenum,
New York.
Templeton AR (1989) The meaning of species and
speciation: a genetic perspective. In: Speciation and its consequences,
eds D Otte & JA Endler, pp 3-27. Sinauer Associates, Incorporated,
Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Templeton AR (1992) Human origins and analysis
of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Science, 255: 737.
Templeton AR (1993) The 'Eve' hypotheses: a genetic
critique and reanalysis. Am. Anthrop., 95: 51-72.
Tendler S (1993) DNA files to oust fingerprints.
The Times, 16th June 1993: p9.
Terborgh J (1977) Bird species diversity on an
Andean elevational gradient. Ecology, 58: 1007-1019.
Thomas P (1991) Test Proliferate: Few Worth the
Costs Yet. Medical World News, 32: 36-7.
Thompson F.C. (1996) Names: the keys to biodiversity.
In: Biodiversity II. Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources,
eds ML Reaka-Kudla, DE Wislon & EO Wilson, pp 199-211. Joseph Henry
Press, Washington.
Thomson DJ (1987) An Introduction to Photomicrography.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Thomson JD & Brunet J (1990) Hypotheses for
the evolution of dioecy in seed plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
5: 11-16.
Thorne G (1961) Principles of Nematology.
McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc, New York & London.
Thorne AG & Wolpoff MH (1992) The multiregional
evolution of humans. Scientific American, 266: 28-33.
Thorpe JP (1982) The molecular clock hypothesis:
biochemical evolution, genetic differentiation and systematics. Annual
Review of Ecology and Systematics, 13: 139-168.
Tilling SM (1984) Keys to biological identification:
their role and construction. Journal of Biological Education 18:
293-304.
Tilling SM (1987) Education and taxonomy: the role
of the field studies council and AIDGAP. Biological Journal of the
Linnean Society, 32: 87-96.
Tonegawa S (1985) The modules of the immune system.
Scientific American, 253: 104-113.
Tooby J & DeVore I (1987) The reconstruction
of hominid behavioral evolution through strategic modeling. In: The
Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models ed WG Kinzey, pp 183-238.
State University of New York Press, New York.
Trancrede C (1992) Role of human microflora in
health and disease. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious
Diseases, 11: 1012-5.
Tudge C (1995) Human origins: a family feud. New
Scientist, 20th May 1995: 24-28.
Tudge C (2000) The Variety of Life. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
Tunnicliffe V (1991) The biology of hydrothermal
vents: ecology and evolution. Oceanography and Marine Biology review,
29: 319-407.
Tuomisto H, Ruokolainen K, Kalliola R, Linna A,
Danjoy W & Rodriguez Z (1995) Dissecting Amazonian biodiversity. Science,
269: 63-66.
Turner GLE (1989) God Bless the Microscope! :
a History of the Royal Microscopical Society over 150 Years. Royal
Microscopical Society, Oxford.
Turner RJ (1994) Immunology, a Comparative Approach.
John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Tuxill J, & Nabhan GP (2001) People, Plants
and Protected Areas. A Guide to In Situ Management. Earthscan, London.
UNEP (1999) Global Environment Outlook 2000.
Earthscan Publications, London.
Vacelet J (1985) Coralline Sponges and the Evolution
of Porifera. Chapter 1 in The Origins and relationships of lower invertebrates,
ed S Conway Morris, JD George, R Gibson & HM Platt. The Systematics
Association, Special Volume no 28. pp 1-13. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Vacelet J & Boury-Esnault N (1995) Carnivorous
sponges. Nature, 373: 333-335.
Vane-Wright RI, Humphries CJ & Williams
PH (1991) What to protect? - Systematics and the agony of choice. Biological
Conservation, 55: 235-254.
Van Valen L (1976) Ecological species, multispecies
and oaks. Taxon, 25: 233-239.
Ecosystems of the World. Elsevier (Many volumes over
many years).
Vaughan TA (1978) Mammalogy. 2nd edition.
WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, U.S.A.
Vaughan JG (1979) Food Microscopy. Academic
Press, London.
Vermeij GJ (1993) Evolution and escalation:
an ecological history of life. Princeton University Press, USA.
Veron JEN (1995) Corals in space and Time. The
Biogeography and Evolution of the Scleractina. Comstock / Cornell,
Ithaca and London.
Victor DG, Raustiala K & Skolnikoff EB (eds)
(1998) The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental
Commitments: Theory and Practice. The MIT Press, London.
Vigilant L, Stoneking M, Harpending H, Hawkes,
K & Wilson AC (1991) African populations and the evolution of human
mitochondrial DNA. Science, 253: 1503-1507.
Viljoen PC & Retief PF (1994) The use of Global
Positioning System for real-time data collecting during ecological aerial
surveys in the Kruger National park, South Africa. Koedoe, 37:
149-157.
Vines G (1999) Mass extinctions. New Scientist,
164: Inside Science Supplement.
Vogel S (1974) Current-induced flow through the sponge,
Halichondria. Biological Bulletin, 147: 443-456.
Vogel S (1981) Life in Moving Fluids. Princeton
University Press, New Jersey/Willard Grant Press, Boston. 352 pp
Vogel JC (1985) Further attempts at dating the Taung
Tufas. In: Hominid Evolution: Past Present and Future ed PV Tobias,
pp 189-184. Alan R Liss.
Volk TJ (2001) Fungi. In: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity,
Volume 3, ed S Levin, pp. 141-163. Academic Press, Sandiego, USA.
von Bohmer H (1990) Self Recognition by the
Immune System. European Journal of Biochemistry, 194: 693-698.
Vos L de, Rützler K, Boury-Esnault N, Donadey C &
Vacelet J (1991) Atlas of Sponge Morphology. Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington. 117 pp
Vrba ES et. al. (1985) Ecological and adaptive
changes associated with early hominid evolution. Human Evolution Sourcebook,
p 155.
Wada S (1991) Morphological indications of the immediate
sister-group relationships of the Schizophora with the Syrphoidea ('Aschiza')
in the phylogenetic systematics of the Cyclorrhapha (Diptera: Brachycera).
Journal of Natural History, 25: 1531-70.
Waddle DM (1994) Matrix correlation tests support
a single origin for modern humans. Nature, 368: 452-454.
Wagner GP (1989) The Biological Homology Concept.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20: 51-69.
Wainright PO, Hinkle G, Sogin ML & Stickel
SK (1993) Monophyletic origins of the metazoa: an evolutionary link with
fungi. Science, 260: 340-342.
Walker A (1981) Dietary hypotheses and human evolution.
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 292: 57-64.
Walker AC et. al. (1986) 2.5-Myr Australopithecus
boisei from West of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 322: 517-522.
Walker BH (1992) Biodiversity and ecological redundancy.
Conservation Biology, 6: 18-23.
Wallis TE (1965) Analytical Microscopy : its
Aims and Methods in Relation to Foods, Water, Spices and Drugs. Churchill,
London.
Ward BB (2002) How many species of prokaryotes are
there? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99:
10234-10236.
Warwick RM & Price R (1979) Ecological and
metabolic studies on free-living nematodes from an estuarine mud-flat.
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 9: 257-271.
Warwick RM (1981) Survival strategies of meiofauna.
In: Feeding and Survival Strategies, ed NV Jones & WJ Wolff,
pp 39-52. Plenum Press, New York.
Waser NM (1983) The adaptive nature of floral traits:
ideas and evidence. In: Pollination Biology ed L Real, pp 241-285.
Academic Press, Orlando, USA.
Waser PM (1985) Does competition drive dispersal?
Ecology, 66: 1170-1175.
Watrous LE & Wheeler QD (1981) The outgroup
comparison method of character analysis. Systematic Zoology, 30:
1-11.
Watson EV (1971) The Structure and Life of Bryophytes.
3rd edition. Hutchinson University Library, London.
Watson JD, Gilman M, Witkowski J, Zoller M (1992)
Recombinant DNA. 2nd edition. Scientific American Books, New York.
Watt AB, Stork NE & Hunter MY (1997) Forests
and Insects. Chapman Hall, London.
Wayne RK & Jenks SM (1991) Mitochondrial DNA
analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis
rufus. Nature, 351: 565-568.
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)
Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1992) Global
Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources, ed B Groombridge.
Chapman and Hall, London.
Webster J (1980) Introduction to Fungi. 2nd
edition. Cambridge University Press.
Weishampel DB, Dodson P & Osmolka H (1990)
The Dinosaurs. University of California Press.
Wen-Hsiun Li & Graur D (1991) Fundamentals
of molecular evolution Sinauer Associates Incorporated.
Werner B, Cutress, CE & Studebaker JP (1971)
Life cycle of Tripedalia cystophora Conant (Cubomedusae). Nature,
232: 582-583.
Werner B (1973) New investigations on systematic
and evolution of the Class Scyphozoa and the Phylum Cnidaria. Publications.
Seto. Mar. Biol. Lab., 20: 35-61.
Wessels JGH (1990) Role of cell wall architecture
in fungal tip growth generation. In: Tip Growth in Plant and Fungal
Cells, ed IB Heath, pp 1-29. Academic Press, New York.
Wharton DA (1986) A Functional Biology of the
Nematodes. Croom Helm, London & Sydney.
Wheeler PE (1984) The evolution of bipedality and
loss of functional body hair in hominids. Journal of Human Evolution,
13: 91-98.
Wheeler PR (1985) The loss of functional body hair
in man: the influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedality.
Journal of Human Evolution, 14: 23-28.
Wheeler QD (1990) Insect diversity and cladistic
constraints. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 83:
1031-1047.
Wheeler PR (1991) The thermoregulatory advantages
of hominid bipedalism in open equatorial environments: the contribution
of increased convective heat loss and cutaneous evaporative cooling. Journal
of Human Evolution, 21: 107-115.
Wheeler PR (1991) The influence of bipedalism
on the energy and water budgets of early hominids. Journal of Human
Evolution, 21: 117-136.
Wheeler PR (1992) The thermoregulatory advantages
of large body size for hominids foraging in savannah environments. Journal
of Human Evolution, 23: 351-362.
Wheeler PR (1993) The influence of stature and
body form on hominid energy and water budgets; a comparison of Australopithecus
and early Homo physiques. Journal of Human Evolution, 24:
13-28.
White TD, Suwa G & Asfaw B (1994) Australopithecus
ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature,
371: 306-312.
Whitfield J (2004) Born in a watery community.
Nature, 427: 674-676.
Whitehead DR (1983) Wind pollination: some ecological
and evolutionary perspectives. In: Pollination Biology ed L Real,
pp 97-108. Academic Press, Orlando, USA.
Whittaker RJ, Willis KJ & Field R (2001)
Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of
species diversity. Journal of Biogeography, 28: 453-470.
Whittaker RH (1959) On the broad classification
of organisms. Quarterly Review of Biology, 34: 210-226.
Whittaker RH (1960) Vegetation of the Siskiyou
Mountains. Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30: 279-338.
Whittaker RH (1969) New concepts of kingdoms
of organism. Science, 163: 150-160.
Whittaker RH (1972) Evolution and measurement
of species diversity. Taxon, 21: 213-251.
Whittaker RH (1975) Communities and Ecosystems.
2nd edition. Macmillan, New York.
Whittaker RH (1977) Evolution of species diversity
in land communities. Evolutionary Biology, 10: 1-67.
Whittaker RH & Margulis L (1978) Protist
classification and the kingdoms of organisms. Biosystems, 10: 3-18.
Whitton J & Ragakaruma N (2001) Plant Biodiversity,
Overview. In: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume 4, ed S Levin,
pp. 621-630. Academic Press, Sandiego, USA.
World Health Organisation press release (8 March 1994)
WHO/20
World Health Organisation press release (13 Feb. 1994)
Malaria Vaccine Could be Developed Soon: Global Effort Needed. WHO/13
Wible JR & Novacek MJ (1988) Cranial evidence
for the monophyletic origin of bats. Am. Mus. Novit., 2911: 1-9.
Wiegel J & Adams MWW (1998) Thermophiles:
the keys to molecular evolution and the origin of life? Taylor and
Francis
Wiegert RG (1988) Holism and reductionism in ecology:
hypotheses, scale and system models. Oikos, 53: 267-269.
Wiley EO (1978) The evolutionary species concept
reconsidered. Systematic Zoology 27: 17-26.
Wiley EO (1981) Phylogenetics: the Theory and
Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Wilkinson GS (1984) Reciprocal food sharing in
the vampire bat. Nature, 308: 181.
Williams CB (1964) Patterns in the Balance
of Nature and Related Problems in Quantitative Ecology. Academic Press,
London.
Williams PH, Gaston KJ & Humphries CJ (1994)
Do conservationists and molecular biologists value differences between
organisms in the same way? Biodiversity Letters, 2: 67-78.
Williams PH & Gaston KJ (1994) Measuring
more of biodiversity: can higher-taxon richness predict wholesale species
richness? Biological Conservation, 67: 211-217.
Williams PH, Gaston KJ & Humphries CJ (1997)
Mapping biodiversity value worldwide: combining higher-taxon richness
from different groups. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological
Sciences, 264: 141-148.
Williamson M (1997) Marine biodiversity in its
global context. In: Marine Biodiversity. Patterns and Processes,
eds RFG Ormond, JD Gage & MV Angel, pp 1-17. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
Willmer PG (1990) Invertebrate Relationships
- Patterns in Animal Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Willson MF & Burley N (1983) Mate Choice
in Plants: Tactics, Mechanisms and Consequences. Princeton University
Press, New Jersey.
Wilson HV (1907) On some phenomena of coalescence
and regeneration in sponges. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 5:
245-58.
Wilson HV & Penney JT (1930) The regeneration
of sponges (Microciona) from dissociated cells. Journal of Experimental
Zoology, 56: 73-147.
Wilson JW (1974) Analytical zoogeography of North
American mammals. Evolution, 28: 124-140.
Wilson AC, Carlson SS & White TJ (1977) Biochemical
evolution. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 46: 573-639.
Wilson MV & Shmida A (1984) Measuring beta diversity
with presence and absence data. Journal of Ecology, 72: 1055-1064.
Wilson EO & Peter FM (eds) (1988) Biodiversity.
National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Wilson AC & Cann RL (1992) The Recent African
Genesis of Humans. Scientific American, April 1992: 22-27.
Wilson EO (1992) The Diversity of Life.
Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London.
Wilson MJ, Glen DM & George SK (1993) The Rhabditid
nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita as a potential biological
control agent for slugs. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 3:
503-511.
Wilson RA (ed) (1999) Species. New Interdisciplinary
Essays. Massachusetts Institute Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Winston ML (1987) The Biology of the Honey Bee.
Harvard University Press, Massachusetts, USA.
Woese CR (1981) Archaebacteria. Scientific American,
244: 94-106.
Woese CR (1987) Bacterial evolution. Microbiological
Reviews, 51: 221-271.
Woese CR, Kandler RO & Wheelis ML (1990) Towards
a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria
and Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,
87: 4576-4579.
Woese CR (1994) Microbiology in transition. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91: 1601-1603.
Woese CE (1998) Default taxonomy: Ernst Mayr's view
of the microbial world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the USA, 95: 11043-11046.
WoldeGabriel G, White TD, Suwa G, Renne P,
de Heinzelin J, Hart WK & Heiken G (1994) Ecological and temporal
placement of early Pliocene hominids at Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature,
371: 330-333.
Wolpoff M & Thorne A (1991) The Case against
Eve. New Scientist, 22nd June 1991, 130: 37-41.
Wood BA & Chamberlain AT (1986) Australopithecus:
grade or clade? In: Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution
eds BA Wood, L Martin & P Andrews, pp 220-248. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
Wood BA (1987) Who is the 'real' Homo habilis?
Nature, 327: 187-188.
Wood BA (1992) Origin and evolution of the genus Homo.Nature,
355: 783-790.
Wood BA (1994) The oldest hominid yet. Nature,
371: 280-281.
Wood BA (1995) Boning up on dates. In: Human Origins:
a Family Feud, by C Tudge. New Scientist, 20th May 1995: 24-28.
Wood BA (1996) Human evolution. Bioessays,
18: 945-954.
Woollacott RM & Zimmer RL (eds) (1977) Biology
of Bryozoans. Academic Press, New York.
Worm B, Lotze H & Myers RA (2003) Predator diversity
hotspots in the blue ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the USA, 100: 9884-9888
Wozencraft WC (1989) Phylogeny of the recent
carnivora. In: Carnivore Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution, ed
JL Gittleman, pp 495-535. Chapman and Hall, London.
Wright SJ (1981) Intra-archipelago vertebrate distributions:
the slope of the species-area relation. American Naturalist, 118:
726-748.
Wright DM (1983) Species-energy theory: an extension
of species-area theory. Oikos, 41: 496-506.
Wyatt R (1983) Pollinator-plant interactions and
the evolution of breeding systems. In: Pollination Biology ed L
Real. Academic Press, Orlando.
Wyman RL (1991) Global climate change and life
on Earth. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, New York.
XXXX (2001) Plant Biodiversity, Overview. In: Encyclopedia
of Biodiversity, Volume 4, ed S Levin, pp. xxx-xxx. Academic Press,
Sandiego, USA.
Yonge CM (1963) The biology of coral reefs. Adv.
Mar.Biol., 1: 209-261.
Young D (1989) Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour.
Cambridge University Press.
Zuckerkandl E & Pauling L (1965) Molecules
as documents of evolutionary history. Journal of Theoretical Biology,
8: 357-366.
|